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Using the internet (.edu, .gov or .org), research and explain 1) an open reduction internal fixation surgery procedure AND 2) an external fixation surgery procedure.

Include the following information:

• Explain both the surgeries.
• What is an open reduction internal fixation surgery?
• What is an external fixation surgery procedure?
• What are the steps in completing an external fixation surgery procedure?
• What are the steps in completing an open reduction internal fixation surgery procedure?
• What is the difference between an open reduction internal fixation surgery procedure and an external fixation surgery procedure?
• How could an open reduction internal fixation surgery procedure be prevented?
• How could an external fixation surgery procedure be prevented?
• What materials/instruments are required for each surgery?
• What happens during an open reduction internal fixation surgery procedure?
• What is an external fixation surgery procedure?
• What happens during an external fixation surgery procedure?
• WHY would someone get these surgeries?
• What are the possible complications for both surgeries?
• What is the recovery time like for both surgeries?
• What complications could happen during both of these surgeries?
• What type of surgeon does these surgeries?
• What is the recovery process AND TIME for an external fixation surgery procedure?
• What is the recovery process AND TIME for an open reduction internal fixation surgery procedure
• How long does an open reduction internal fixation surgery procedure take?
• How long does an external fixation surgery procedure take?

CITE ALL SOURCES! DO NOT COPY INFORMATION FROM ONLINE, PARAPHRASE ALL WORDS.

 

OR

 

Completely reword and add to the following. All information is provided below.

 

1.) Open Reduction And Internal Fixation (ORIF)

An open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) puts pieces of a broken bone into place using surgery. Screws, plates, sutures, or rods are used to hold the broken bone together. It's only used for serious fractures that can't be treated with a cast or splint. These injuries are usually fractures that are displaced, unstable, or those that involve the joint. An ORIF is often done as an emergency procedure when a broken bone is in many pieces. It is done to allow the bones to heal together. The implants used for internal fixation are made from stainless steel and titanium, which are durable and strong. If a joint is to be replaced, rather than fixed, these implants can also be made of cobalt and chrome. Implants are compatible with the body and rarely cause an allergic reaction. ORIF is performed by an orthopedic surgeon and is a two-part procedure. An anesthesiologist will administer general anesthesia. The surgery can take several hours, depending on the fracture. During the procedure, the first part is open reduction, an incision will be made in the skin above the break. The pieces of bone will be moved into the right place. The second part is internal fixation, a plate with screws, a pin, or a rod that goes through the bone will be attached to the bone to hold the broken parts together. The incision will be closed with staples or stitches and covered with bandages. The area will be protected with a splint or cast. After ORIF, doctors and nurses will monitor blood pressure, breathing, and pulse. They will also check the nerves near the broken bone. Possible complications are adverse reaction with anesthesia, bleeding, infection, nerve damage, fat particles or blood clots that move up to the lungs and the need for later surgery if the bone does not heal well. Generally, recovery takes about 3 to 12 months. Each surgery is different from the other. Complete recovery depends on the type, severity, and location of the injury. Recovery can take more time if the patient develops complications after surgery. During recovery, the patient will need physical or occupational therapy, pain medication, and lots of rest.

 

2.) External Fixation Surgery Procedure

External fixation is a process for fracture fixation by which pins or wires are inserted into bone percutaneously and held together via an external scaffold. Unlike internal fixation—pins, plates, screws and others—with external fixation part of the structure that supports the bone is outside the skin. External fixation is used to stabilized different bones across the body, but the overall technique of application remains the same. The pin-bone interface is critical for structural integrity. It is predominantly used for fracture fixation in adult and pediatric patients who have open fractures with severe soft tissue and/or wound contamination. External fixators may be used as a temporizing treatment, providing provisional alignment and stability, or as definitive treatment in select pelvic fractures, open long bone fractures, and periarticular fractures. The surgery is performed by an orthopedic surgeon. The first step includes incising the skin over the pin insertion site. Care is necessary that skin and muscle are not tenting on the pin because this may lead to inflammation and pin infections. Small Penfield-type retractors can help reflect the periosteum from the underlying bone. A trocar and drill sleeve is advanced to the bone to minimize entrapped tissue. The drill sleeve should be centered over the bone so that it traverses the near cortex, the medullary canal and exits the far cortex. Predrilling is best done with copious irrigation to prevent thermal necrosis of the bone interface. On the other hand, self-drilling pins have a drill tip point that the surgeon can place without pre-drilling. After surgery, the bones are allowed to rest for 5 to 7 days to begin the healing process. After this period of time, the distraction phase of treatment begins. The patient (or family member) will be given a schedule that instructs them how to adjust the fixator several times a day by turning small knobs or other parts of the device to slowly pull the bone segments apart. This gradual process of slowly separating the bone segments is called distraction, which means "pulling apart." As the bone segments are pulled apart at a slow rate of approximately 1 mm (0.04 inches) per day, new bone forms in the space between them. The new bone is called regenerate bone. The distraction phase lasts until the bone is straight or corrected. The patient will need to see the doctor every 10 to 14 days during the distraction phase. After the correction has been achieved, the consolidation phase begins in which the regenerate bone slowly hardens. During this phase of treatment, the external fixator normally remains in place so that it can support the bone as it heals. The bone has consolidated ("healed") when the regenerate bone has completely hardened and calcified. The consolidation phase typical takes twice as long as the distraction phase. To help the bone heal, patients should avoid nicotine in any form, make sure that their diet includes lots of protein and take vitamin and mineral supplements. During the consolidation phase, the doctor may tell the patient to start putting some weight on the arm/leg, which will also encourage the bone to harden and heal. After the bone is fully consolidated, the external fixator can be removed during an outpatient surgical procedure. To provide additional protection for the new bone, the doctors may apply a cast or ask the patient to use a brace for 3 to 4 weeks after the external fixator is removed. Typical external fixator patients wear the device from four to twelve months. The severity of the problem reconstructed, health, weight and other factors play a role in the length of time. Loosening and infection are the two most common complications. Thermal injury may result from pins placed under power. Chronic osteomyelitis has been reported in up to 4% of patients. Nerve and vessel injury and compartment syndrome is also possible.