Ask the parent to describe positive and negative experiences he or she has experienced when working ...
Ask a school counselor or a teacher to review an IEP with you. Remember to remove the name of the ch...
1)Discuss a strategy, beyond those reviewed in this chapter, that you would use to facilitate the de...
1)Which of the strengths associated with gay and lesbian families do you believe is most important f...
Tamara and her mother live in a battered-women’s shelter. Tamara’s mother would like to ...
MrDoug’s fourth-grade class is studying about fire safety. He thinks about asking his students...
Before Thanks giving, the principal at Ms. Darity’s school announces a schoolwide food drive. ...
Interview a single parent, a stepparent, or a grandparent caregiver. How does this person define his...
1)Do you offer activities that involve both grandparents and their grandchildren? If so, what are th...
1)Which of the strengths reviewed in this chapter do you believe are of greatest benefit to children...
Identifying and monitoring osteoporosis, featuring use of: - dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ...
1) Neonatal screening for inborn errors of metabolism, including use of tandem mass-spectrometry and...
1)Screening for colorectal cancer by once only flexible sigmoidoscopy 2)Screening for Down's ...
Innovations in knowledge and technology that appeared in the Annals of Internal Medicine of 15 Augus...
Compared with present practice, will there be any changes in: - patient safety? - acceptabilit...
What will be the magnitude of the benefit compared with present practice? (Please give estimates bas...
1) How did you search for evidence to support this proposal? (Please append the search strategy to t...
1) Management of mild hypertension 2)Cholesterol screening and use of cholesterol-lowering drugs ...
1) Systemic adjuvant therapy for breast cancer 2)Treatment of Helicobacter pylori to prevent recu...
1) Prenatal steroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome 2) Vacuum extraction vs forceps for...
Are the criteria relevant to the local service? • How similar is the local population to the...
How scientifically was the study done? • Were steps taken to minimise bias, for example, by ...
Are the criteria evidence based? • Is there evidence to support the judgements about: - r...
1)There is a reasonable chance that the procedure will benefit the patient. Procedures with a low li...
Were all possible hypotheses examined? Often the report of an observational study has as a focus the...
Were there clearly identified and appropriate comparison groups?...
Were the comparison groups similar with respect to important determinants of outcome other than the ...
Are the outcome measures accurate and comprehensive? Large databases tend to include only simple out...
1)Is there clear information about the method used to develop the standards, e.g. are the standards ...
1)Is there good evidence that the intervention used as the indicator of quality is an effective inte...
The aim of the programme is to reduce mortality from breast cancer in the population screened 1) ...
Monitoring quality standards 1)The Commission for Health Improvement 2)A National Framework fo...
Setting quality standards 1)The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2)The Nation...
1)Was allowance made for uncertainty in the estimates of costs and consequences? 2)Did the presen...
Was an incremental analysis of the costs and consequences of alternatives performed? [Were the addit...
1) Were costs and consequences measured accurately in appropriate physical units (e.g. hours of nurs...
1) Was there evidence that the programme's effectiveness had been established? [How strong was t...
1) Was a well-defined question posed in an answerable form? 2)Was a comprehensive description of ...
1) Are the results applicable to the population in general? 2)Are the results relevant to the loc...
1) How well did the survey assess the experience of the patients as opposed to their reaction to tha...
1) How good is the instrument at measuring the three aspects of care that determine satisfaction: in...
1) How has the instrument been tested? 2)What is the interobserver variability, i.e. how differen...
1) Would the quality of training be important in determining the frequency of adverse effects? 2)...
Were the professionals participating in the study more highly specialised or more experienced in thi...
1) Was the assessment of outcomes free from bias? 2)Was there an adverse effect greater than woul...
Is the service or treatment under investigation similar to that available locally in terms of: - ...
Is the study population similar to the local population: - genetically? - socially? - medic...
If the trial results are positive and this treatment is being delivered within the local service, as...
1) What is the magnitude of the beneficial effect? 2)With what degree of confidence can the findi...
1) Do the authors identify or discuss how their own values could influence the interpretation of the...
1) Is the definition of equity clearly set out in the article? 2)Is the definition of equity orig...
Are the skills to deliver a service of adequate quality available locally? If not, is it possible to...
1) Does the local healthcare service have the potential to reproduce the service provided in the tri...
1) Does the population studied differ from the local population in ways that are likely to be import...
1) The smaller the effect predicted, the larger the trial required to produce a result. 2)The lar...
If both ends of the range of confidence intervals lie on the side of the line which indicates that t...
1) The larger the sample of patients, the narrower will be the confidence intervals. 2)The narrow...
1) Were the results of the research kept separate from the conclusions drawn by the research workers...
1) Did the research workers address the issues of subjectivity and data collection? 2)Were method...
1) Was the research question clearly identified? 2)Was the setting in which the research took pla...
1) Why are nurses and doctors not able to work with one another with ease? 2)What difference has ...
1) Why do people not take the medicine prescribed for them? 2)Why do clinicians adopt innovations...
1) A means of identifying whether there are biases in the collection of information or drawing of co...
1) An explicit peer-reviewed protocol. 2)Ethics committee approval. 3.A theoretical framework....
1) Has sensitivity analysis been used to test the effect of higher or lower utilities being assigned...
1) Has sensitivity analysis been performed to determine whether the estimate of the incidence of sid...
If utilities or disutilities have been used, were they based on surveys of people with the health pr...
1) What proportion of the branches in the decision tree represent good data based on good-quality re...
Were the conclusions drawn from the survey all based on the data or did those carrying out the surve...
Was a validated questionnaire used? Did the authors of the survey mention the possibility of differe...
1) How was the population to be surveyed chosen? Was it the whole population or a sample? 2)If a ...
1) Was the severity of disease taken into account in the analysis? 2)Was the presence of other di...
1) If mortality is a criterion, what steps were taken to ensure that all deaths were identified? ...
1) Is clear information given about the way in which the cohort was recruited? 2)Were any steps o...
1) How wide are the confidence intervals? 2)What were the exclusion and inclusion criteria? 3)...
1) Was the difference consistent across studies? 2)Is there indirect evidence that supports the h...
1) Is the magnitude of the difference clinically important? 2)Was the difference statistically si...
Will the results help locally? Are the benefits worth the harms and costs? This is unlikely to be...
Will the results help locally? Can the results be applied to the local population? Do you think t...
What are the results? 1) How large was the treatment effect? What outcomes were measured? 2)Ho...
1) Were patients, health workers and study personnel 'blind' to treatment? 2)Were the gro...
1) Was follow up complete? 2)Were patients analysed in the groups to which they were randomised? ...
1) Was the assignment of patients to treatments randomised? 2)Were all of the patients who entere...
Did the trial address a clearly focused issue? An issue can be 'focused' in terms of: ...
1) The smaller the effect expected in the treatment being tested, the larger the trial necessary to ...
The defining features of an RCT In some types of RCT, such as drug trials, both doctor and patient m...
The defining features of an RCT The assessment of outcome is made by an assessor who is unaware o...
The defining features of an RCT Individuals in the treatment group remain in that group irrespect...
The defining features of an RCT All entrants to the trial are followed up in treatment and contro...
The defining features of an RCT The individuals who might benefit from the intervention are rando...
The defining features of an RCT There must be equipoise, that is, genuine doubt prior to the tria...
1) Critical evaluation, 2)Incorporation into decisions. 3)Participation in the design, evaluat...
1) Awareness of the existence of systematic reviews. 2)Perception of the advantages and disadvant...
1) Was the searching technique limited to an electronic search of MEDLINE? 2)Are the results of t...
1) Was the study described as randomised (this includes the use of words such as randomly, random, a...
1) What are the overall results and how precise are they? 2)Will the results help in caring for p...
1) Was the validity of the included studies assessed? 2)Were the assessments of studies reproduci...
1) Did the review article address a focused question? 2)Is it likely that important, relevant stu...
Despite the claims of some enthusiasts for RCTs, some important aspects of healthcare cannot be subj...