-
Tamara and her mother live in a battered-women’s shelter. Tamara’s mother would like to
Tamara and her mother live in a battered-women’s shelter. Tamara’s mother would like to enroll Tamara in an afterschool program, but she cannot afford the after-school enrollment...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
MrDoug’s fourth-grade class is studying about fire safety. He thinks about asking his students
MrDoug’s fourth-grade class is studying about fire safety. He thinks about asking his students to draw maps of possible escape routes in their homes. After thinking about the different...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Before Thanks giving, the principal at Ms. Darity’s school announces a schoolwide food drive.
Before Thanks giving, the principal at Ms. Darity’s school announces a schoolwide food drive. Donations of canned food will be given to a local church that sponsors an annual Thanksgiv...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Interview a single parent, a stepparent, or a grandparent caregiver. How does this person define his
Interview a single parent, a stepparent, or a grandparent caregiver. How does this person define his or her family’s biggest challenge and biggest strength? How does this person’...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1)Do you offer activities that involve both grandparents and their grandchildren? If so, what are th
1)Do you offer activities that involve both grandparents and their grandchildren? If so, what are those activities? How do grandparents and their grandchildren benefit from these activities?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1)Which of the strengths reviewed in this chapter do you believe are of greatest benefit to children
1)Which of the strengths reviewed in this chapter do you believe are of greatest benefit to children’s development and education? Which challenges are most detrimental to children&rsqu...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Identifying and monitoring osteoporosis, featuring use of: - dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry;
Identifying and monitoring osteoporosis, featuring use of: - dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; - low frequency ultrasound; - biochemical markers...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Neonatal screening for inborn errors of metabolism, including use of tandem mass-spectrometry and
1) Neonatal screening for inborn errors of metabolism, including use of tandem mass-spectrometry and DNA analysis 2. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm 3. Screening for ovarian ca...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1)Screening for colorectal cancer by once only flexible sigmoidoscopy 2)Screening for Down's
1)Screening for colorectal cancer by once only flexible sigmoidoscopy 2)Screening for Down's syndrome, using ultrasound measurement of nuchal translucency 3. Screening for fragile ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Innovations in knowledge and technology that appeared in the Annals of Internal Medicine of 15 Augus
Innovations in knowledge and technology that appeared in the Annals of Internal Medicine of 15 August 1995 Different strategies for managing chest pain in accident and emergency, includin...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Innovations in knowledge and technology that appeared in the Annals of Internal Medicine of 15 Augus
Innovations in knowledge and technology that appeared in the Annals of Internal Medicine of 15 August 1995 1. The use of hepatic vein insulin measurement to diagnose an insulinoma 2. A...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Compared with present practice, will there be any changes in: - patient safety? - acceptabilit
Compared with present practice, will there be any changes in: - patient safety? - acceptability and patient satisfaction? - cost: a) to your directorate? b) to any other direc...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
What will be the magnitude of the benefit compared with present practice? (Please give estimates bas
What will be the magnitude of the benefit compared with present practice? (Please give estimates based on the most optimistic and the most pessimistic estimate of the effect - the upper and ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) How did you search for evidence to support this proposal? (Please append the search strategy to t
1) How did you search for evidence to support this proposal? (Please append the search strategy to this application.) 2.What is the best quality evidence supporting the proposal?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Management of mild hypertension 2)Cholesterol screening and use of cholesterol-lowering drugs
1) Management of mild hypertension 2)Cholesterol screening and use of cholesterol-lowering drugs 3.Aspirin, thrombolysis and anticoagulation after myocardial infarction 4.ACE inhibi...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Systemic adjuvant therapy for breast cancer 2)Treatment of Helicobacter pylori to prevent recu
1) Systemic adjuvant therapy for breast cancer 2)Treatment of Helicobacter pylori to prevent recurrence of ulcer 3)Thromboprophylaxis for orthopaedic and general surgery....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Prenatal steroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome 2) Vacuum extraction vs forceps for
1) Prenatal steroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome 2) Vacuum extraction vs forceps for obstetric delivery 3)Diagnostic D&C in young women....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Are the criteria relevant to the local service? • How similar is the local population to the
Are the criteria relevant to the local service? • How similar is the local population to the population studied? • Were the clinicians on the panel similar to local professio...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
How scientifically was the study done? • Were steps taken to minimise bias, for example, by
How scientifically was the study done? • Were steps taken to minimise bias, for example, by using more than one auditor or by using explicit criteria to audit notes? • Was th...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Are the criteria evidence based? • Is there evidence to support the judgements about: - r
Are the criteria evidence based? • Is there evidence to support the judgements about: - right patient? - right place? - right time? - right intervention? - right profe...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1)There is a reasonable chance that the procedure will benefit the patient. Procedures with a low li
1)There is a reasonable chance that the procedure will benefit the patient. Procedures with a low likelihood of benefit but few risks are not considered necessary. 2. The benefit to the p...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Were all possible hypotheses examined? Often the report of an observational study has as a focus the
Were all possible hypotheses examined? Often the report of an observational study has as a focus the most dramatic finding, e.g. a difference between teaching and non-teaching hospitals, but...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Were there clearly identified and appropriate comparison groups?
Were there clearly identified and appropriate comparison groups?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Were the comparison groups similar with respect to important determinants of outcome other than the
Were the comparison groups similar with respect to important determinants of outcome other than the one of interest? For example, when comparing teaching hospitals with non-teaching hospi...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Are the outcome measures accurate and comprehensive? Large databases tend to include only simple out
Are the outcome measures accurate and comprehensive? Large databases tend to include only simple outcome measures, such as death, and rarely hold data on measures such as disability or quali...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1)Is there clear information about the method used to develop the standards, e.g. are the standards
1)Is there clear information about the method used to develop the standards, e.g. are the standards set by taking the cut-off point for the top quartile of several services? 2.Is there on...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1)Is there good evidence that the intervention used as the indicator of quality is an effective inte
1)Is there good evidence that the intervention used as the indicator of quality is an effective intervention? 2)Are there standards relating to acceptability and safety?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The aim of the programme is to reduce mortality from breast cancer in the population screened 1)
The aim of the programme is to reduce mortality from breast cancer in the population screened 1) To encourage the provision of effective acceptable treatment which has minimal psychologic...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Monitoring quality standards 1)The Commission for Health Improvement 2)A National Framework fo
Monitoring quality standards 1)The Commission for Health Improvement 2)A National Framework for Assessing Performance 3)National Survey of Patient and User Experience....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Setting quality standards 1)The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2)The Nation
Setting quality standards 1)The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2)The National Service Framework...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1)Was allowance made for uncertainty in the estimates of costs and consequences? 2)Did the presen
1)Was allowance made for uncertainty in the estimates of costs and consequences? 2)Did the presentation and discussion of study results include all issues of concern to users?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Was an incremental analysis of the costs and consequences of alternatives performed? [Were the addit
Was an incremental analysis of the costs and consequences of alternatives performed? [Were the additional (incremental) costs generated by one alternative over another compared to the additi...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Were costs and consequences measured accurately in appropriate physical units (e.g. hours of nurs
1) Were costs and consequences measured accurately in appropriate physical units (e.g. hours of nursing time, number of physician visits, lost work-days, life-years gained)? 2)Were costs ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was there evidence that the programme's effectiveness had been established? [How strong was t
1) Was there evidence that the programme's effectiveness had been established? [How strong was the evidence of effectiveness?] 2)Were all the important and relevant costs and conseque...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was a well-defined question posed in an answerable form? 2)Was a comprehensive description of
1) Was a well-defined question posed in an answerable form? 2)Was a comprehensive description of the competing alternatives given (i.e. can you tell who did what to whom, where, and how o...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Are the results applicable to the population in general? 2)Are the results relevant to the loc
1) Are the results applicable to the population in general? 2)Are the results relevant to the local population? 3)Were costs and consequences adjusted for differential timing?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) How well did the survey assess the experience of the patients as opposed to their reaction to tha
1) How well did the survey assess the experience of the patients as opposed to their reaction to that experience? 2)Was the sample interviewed a representative sample of the population se...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) How good is the instrument at measuring the three aspects of care that determine satisfaction: in
1) How good is the instrument at measuring the three aspects of care that determine satisfaction: interpersonal care, the physical environment and clinical outcome? 2)How comprehensible a...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) How has the instrument been tested? 2)What is the interobserver variability, i.e. how differen
1) How has the instrument been tested? 2)What is the interobserver variability, i.e. how different are the answers if different people use the questionnaire on the same person?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Would the quality of training be important in determining the frequency of adverse effects? 2)
1) Would the quality of training be important in determining the frequency of adverse effects? 2)Were the patients in the research study different from those in the local population, eith...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Were the professionals participating in the study more highly specialised or more experienced in thi
Were the professionals participating in the study more highly specialised or more experienced in this intervention than those who will be treating the local population?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the assessment of outcomes free from bias? 2)Was there an adverse effect greater than woul
1) Was the assessment of outcomes free from bias? 2)Was there an adverse effect greater than would be expected by chance, taking into account the confidence intervals?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Is the service or treatment under investigation similar to that available locally in terms of: -
Is the service or treatment under investigation similar to that available locally in terms of: - skills? - resources?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Is the study population similar to the local population: - genetically? - socially? - medic
Is the study population similar to the local population: - genetically? - socially? - medically?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
If the trial results are positive and this treatment is being delivered within the local service, as
If the trial results are positive and this treatment is being delivered within the local service, ascertain how large the effect is at what risk and at what cost. (The NNT is of use in this ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) What is the magnitude of the beneficial effect? 2)With what degree of confidence can the findi
1) What is the magnitude of the beneficial effect? 2)With what degree of confidence can the findings in a research setting be reproduced in ordinary clinical settings?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Do the authors identify or discuss how their own values could influence the interpretation of the
1) Do the authors identify or discuss how their own values could influence the interpretation of the findings? 2)Are there any data describing the opinions of individuals other than the a...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Is the definition of equity clearly set out in the article? 2)Is the definition of equity orig
1) Is the definition of equity clearly set out in the article? 2)Is the definition of equity original or do the authors cite another source from which it was derived?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Are the skills to deliver a service of adequate quality available locally? If not, is it possible to
Are the skills to deliver a service of adequate quality available locally? If not, is it possible to develop those skills at an affordable cost?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Does the local healthcare service have the potential to reproduce the service provided in the tri
1) Does the local healthcare service have the potential to reproduce the service provided in the trial? 2)Could a similar level of resources as that available to the research workers be c...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Does the population studied differ from the local population in ways that are likely to be import
1) Does the population studied differ from the local population in ways that are likely to be important with respect to: 2) genetic composition?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) The smaller the effect predicted, the larger the trial required to produce a result. 2)The lar
1) The smaller the effect predicted, the larger the trial required to produce a result. 2)The larger the trial, the greater the power. 3)The greater the power, the narrower the confide...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
If both ends of the range of confidence intervals lie on the side of the line which indicates that t
If both ends of the range of confidence intervals lie on the side of the line which indicates that treatment does more good than harm, then it will be effective in all circumstances....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) The larger the sample of patients, the narrower will be the confidence intervals. 2)The narrow
1) The larger the sample of patients, the narrower will be the confidence intervals. 2)The narrower the range of the confidence intervals, the greater will be the degree of confidence abo...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Were the results of the research kept separate from the conclusions drawn by the research workers
1) Were the results of the research kept separate from the conclusions drawn by the research workers? 2)If quantitative methods were appropriate as a supplement to the qualitative methods...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Did the research workers address the issues of subjectivity and data collection? 2)Were method
1) Did the research workers address the issues of subjectivity and data collection? 2)Were methods to test the validity of the results of the research used? 3.Were any steps taken to i...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the research question clearly identified? 2)Was the setting in which the research took pla
1) Was the research question clearly identified? 2)Was the setting in which the research took place clearly described? 3.If sampling was undertaken, were the sampling methods described...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Why are nurses and doctors not able to work with one another with ease? 2)What difference has
1) Why are nurses and doctors not able to work with one another with ease? 2)What difference has the involvement of doctors in management made to the management of health services?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Why do people not take the medicine prescribed for them? 2)Why do clinicians adopt innovations
1) Why do people not take the medicine prescribed for them? 2)Why do clinicians adopt innovations of unproven effectiveness and of unknown effect while failing to adopt innovations of pro...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) A means of identifying whether there are biases in the collection of information or drawing of co
1) A means of identifying whether there are biases in the collection of information or drawing of conclusions. 2)Why is it that people continue to smoke when the evidence about the harmfu...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) An explicit peer-reviewed protocol. 2)Ethics committee approval. 3.A theoretical framework.
1) An explicit peer-reviewed protocol. 2)Ethics committee approval. 3.A theoretical framework. 4.A clear project management protocol....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Has sensitivity analysis been used to test the effect of higher or lower utilities being assigned
1) Has sensitivity analysis been used to test the effect of higher or lower utilities being assigned to different options? 2)Have all the costs that should be taken into account been incl...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Has sensitivity analysis been performed to determine whether the estimate of the incidence of sid
1) Has sensitivity analysis been performed to determine whether the estimate of the incidence of side-effects is higher or lower than the true incidence of side-effects? 2)Has sensitivity...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
If utilities or disutilities have been used, were they based on surveys of people with the health pr
If utilities or disutilities have been used, were they based on surveys of people with the health problem, surveys of a sample of the general population or estimates of the author's pers...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) What proportion of the branches in the decision tree represent good data based on good-quality re
1) What proportion of the branches in the decision tree represent good data based on good-quality research? 2)Has sensitivity analysis been performed to determine whether the estimate of ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Were the conclusions drawn from the survey all based on the data or did those carrying out the surve
Were the conclusions drawn from the survey all based on the data or did those carrying out the survey infer conclusions? Inference is acceptable, but it must be clearly distinguished from re...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Was a validated questionnaire used? Did the authors of the survey mention the possibility of differe
Was a validated questionnaire used? Did the authors of the survey mention the possibility of different results being obtained by different interviewers, if interviewers were used?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) How was the population to be surveyed chosen? Was it the whole population or a sample? 2)If a
1) How was the population to be surveyed chosen? Was it the whole population or a sample? 2)If a sample, how was the sample chosen? Was it a random sample or was it stratified to ensure t...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the severity of disease taken into account in the analysis? 2)Was the presence of other di
1) Was the severity of disease taken into account in the analysis? 2)Was the presence of other diseases (co-morbidity) taken into account in the analysis? 3)What procedures were used t...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) If mortality is a criterion, what steps were taken to ensure that all deaths were identified?
1) If mortality is a criterion, what steps were taken to ensure that all deaths were identified? 2)If other criteria were used, have the instruments used for measurement been validated?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Is clear information given about the way in which the cohort was recruited? 2)Were any steps o
1) Is clear information given about the way in which the cohort was recruited? 2)Were any steps or decisions taken that could have included or excluded more severe cases?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) How wide are the confidence intervals? 2)What were the exclusion and inclusion criteria? 3)
1) How wide are the confidence intervals? 2)What were the exclusion and inclusion criteria? 3)How similar were the patients in the trial to the 'local' patient group?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the difference consistent across studies? 2)Is there indirect evidence that supports the h
1) Was the difference consistent across studies? 2)Is there indirect evidence that supports the hypothesised difference? 3)Could the quality of service provided in the trial be reprodu...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Is the magnitude of the difference clinically important? 2)Was the difference statistically si
1) Is the magnitude of the difference clinically important? 2)Was the difference statistically significant? 3)Did the hypothesis precede rather than follow the analysis?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Will the results help locally? Are the benefits worth the harms and costs? This is unlikely to be
Will the results help locally? Are the benefits worth the harms and costs? This is unlikely to be addressed by the trial. But what do you think?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Will the results help locally? Can the results be applied to the local population? Do you think t
Will the results help locally? Can the results be applied to the local population? Do you think that the patients covered by the trial are similar enough to your population?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
What are the results? 1) How large was the treatment effect? What outcomes were measured? 2)Ho
What are the results? 1) How large was the treatment effect? What outcomes were measured? 2)How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect? What are its confidence limits?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Were patients, health workers and study personnel 'blind' to treatment? 2)Were the gro
1) Were patients, health workers and study personnel 'blind' to treatment? 2)Were the groups similar at the start of the study? In terms of other factors that might affect the out...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was follow up complete? 2)Were patients analysed in the groups to which they were randomised?
1) Was follow up complete? 2)Were patients analysed in the groups to which they were randomised? 3)Aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the assignment of patients to treatments randomised? 2)Were all of the patients who entere
1) Was the assignment of patients to treatments randomised? 2)Were all of the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for at its conclusion?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Did the trial address a clearly focused issue? An issue can be 'focused' in terms of:
Did the trial address a clearly focused issue? An issue can be 'focused' in terms of: 1. the population studied; 2. the intervention given; 3. the outcomes considered....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) The smaller the effect expected in the treatment being tested, the larger the trial necessary to
1) The smaller the effect expected in the treatment being tested, the larger the trial necessary to have sufficient power to detect it. 2)The larger the trial, the greater its power....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The defining features of an RCT In some types of RCT, such as drug trials, both doctor and patient m
The defining features of an RCT In some types of RCT, such as drug trials, both doctor and patient may be 'blind', i.e. unaware of whether the patient is a member of a treatment grou...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The defining features of an RCT The assessment of outcome is made by an assessor who is unaware o
The defining features of an RCT The assessment of outcome is made by an assessor who is unaware of the patient's status; this is know as 'blind' assessment....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The defining features of an RCT Individuals in the treatment group remain in that group irrespect
The defining features of an RCT Individuals in the treatment group remain in that group irrespective of whether they actually receive the intervention; for example, in a trial of breast c...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The defining features of an RCT All entrants to the trial are followed up in treatment and contro
The defining features of an RCT All entrants to the trial are followed up in treatment and control groups....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The defining features of an RCT The individuals who might benefit from the intervention are rando
The defining features of an RCT The individuals who might benefit from the intervention are randomly allocated to receive that intervention or not; the latter form the control group, and ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The defining features of an RCT There must be equipoise, that is, genuine doubt prior to the tria
The defining features of an RCT There must be equipoise, that is, genuine doubt prior to the trial about whether one option is better than another....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Critical evaluation, 2)Incorporation into decisions. 3)Participation in the design, evaluat
1) Critical evaluation, 2)Incorporation into decisions. 3)Participation in the design, evaluation, and dissemination of findings....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Awareness of the existence of systematic reviews. 2)Perception of the advantages and disadvant
1) Awareness of the existence of systematic reviews. 2)Perception of the advantages and disadvantages of using them. 3)Identification of individual reviews....
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the searching technique limited to an electronic search of MEDLINE? 2)Are the results of t
1) Was the searching technique limited to an electronic search of MEDLINE? 2)Are the results of the individual trials widely divergent? 3)Are all the individual trials in the meta-anal...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the study described as randomised (this includes the use of words such as randomly, random, a
1) Was the study described as randomised (this includes the use of words such as randomly, random, and randomisation)? 2)Was the study described as double blind?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) What are the overall results and how precise are they? 2)Will the results help in caring for p
1) What are the overall results and how precise are they? 2)Will the results help in caring for patients?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Was the validity of the included studies assessed? 2)Were the assessments of studies reproduci
1) Was the validity of the included studies assessed? 2)Were the assessments of studies reproducible? 3)Were the results similar from study to study?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Did the review article address a focused question? 2)Is it likely that important, relevant stu
1) Did the review article address a focused question? 2)Is it likely that important, relevant studies were missed? 3)Were the inclusion criteria to select articles appropriate?...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Despite the claims of some enthusiasts for RCTs, some important aspects of healthcare cannot be subj
Despite the claims of some enthusiasts for RCTs, some important aspects of healthcare cannot be subjected to a randomised trial for practical and ethical reasons. Examples include the effect...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Whatever those who question the value of healthcare interventions might think, many clinicians often
Whatever those who question the value of healthcare interventions might think, many clinicians often will not share their concern and will be opposed to an RCT; observational approaches can ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
Observational data provide a realistic means of assessing the long-term outcome of interventions bey
Observational data provide a realistic means of assessing the long-term outcome of interventions beyond the time-scale of many trials. An example is long-term experience with different hip j...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
1) Some interventions, such as defibrillation for ventricular fibrillation, have an impact so large
1) Some interventions, such as defibrillation for ventricular fibrillation, have an impact so large that observational data are sufficient to show it. 2)Infrequent adverse outcomes would ...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3
-
The distinguishing features of research as defined in the NHS R&D Programme in the UK To repo
The distinguishing features of research as defined in the NHS R&D Programme in the UK To report findings such that they are open to critical examination and accessible to all who coul...
Read MoreSubject:AccountingPrice: Bought3