INFORMATIVE PAPER TOPIC :What is type I Debates? Explained the pathophysiology signs and symptoms , management, possible complications. Discuss how you would teach a newly diagnosed diabetic patient to manage the disease to prevent hypoglycemic episode.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and requires the person to inject insulin. It is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Step-by-step explanation

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and requires the person to inject insulin. It is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Pathophysiology: The steps of Pathophysiology are as follows

I.Due to any etiological factors like susceptibility to the disease, environmental factors, genetic factors or autoimmune response

II.Islet cell destruction in the pancreas occurs as a result

IIILeading to insulin deficiency

IVAppearance of signs and symptoms of Type-I Diabetes mellitus like polyuria, polydepsia and polyphagia. If left untreated leads to complications like stroke

Signs and Symptoms:

Polyuria, polyphagia and polydepsia, fatigue, sweating, unexpected weight loss, blurred vision, irritability, slow healing cuts and tingling/numbness in feet.

Management:

I. Dietary treatment should aim at:

• Ensuring weight control
• Providing nutritional requirements
• Allowing good glycaemia control with blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible
• Correcting any associated blood lipid abnormalities

Dietary fat should provide 25-35% of total intake of calories but saturated fat intake should not exceed 10% of total energy.

Cholesterol consumption should be restricted and limited to 300 mg or less daily.

Protein intake can range between 10-15% total energy (0.8-1 g/kg of desirable body weight). Requirements increase for children and during pregnancy.

Carbohydrates provide 50-60% of total caloric content of the diet. 

II. Physical activity promotes weight reduction and improves insulin sensitivity, thus lowering blood glucose levels.

Together with dietary treatment, a programme of regular physical activity and exercise should be considered for each person. Such a programme must be tailored to the individual's health status and fitness.

III. Oral anti-diabetic drugs like Metformin

IV. Combination therapy with insulin

Complications:

• Stroke
• Heart attack
• Peripheral artery disease
• Cataract
• Glaucoma
• Diabetic foot
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Peripheral neuropathy

Health teaching for a newly diagnosed diabetic patient to manage the disease to prevent hypoglycaemic episode:

• Monitor blood sugar regularly
• Do take the medications according to the prescription
• Don not skip or delay the meals
• Report any signs of complications
• Periodic follow up visits.