FACTS: In Module 3, you have learned about Op-Amps like Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier and many more, one of the topics in Module 3 is the Integrator and Differentiator. An operational amplifier (op-amp) integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the mathematical operation of integration with respect to time-this means the output voltage is proportional to the input voltage integrated over time. A differentiator is an op amp-based circuit, whose output signal is proportional to the differentiation of the input signal. An op-amp differentiator is basically an inverting amplifier with a capacitor of suitable value at its input terminal. The electric potential of inverting terminal is also zero, as the opamp is ideal. QUESTION: Answer the ff. 1. What are the problems in an ordinary op-amp integrator? 2. Why op-amp integrator output is linear? 3. What are the problems in an ordinary op-amp differentiator? 4. What are the advantages of integrator and differentiator circuits?

Answer is below..

Step-by-step explanation

(a) Problems in an ordinary Op-amp Integrator:-  The gain of an integrator at low frequency is very high and the circuit goes to saturation. The feedback capacitor is shunted with a resistor in the practical integrator to overcome the above problem.

(2) Reason for Linear Output:-  Because the resistor and capacitor are connected to a virtual ground, the input current does not vary with capacitor charge and a linear integration of output is achieved.

(3) Problems in an ordinary Op-amp Differentiator:- Problems in an Ordinary Op-amp differentiator are instability and high frequency noise. A Resistor is added in series with the capacitor at the input and a capacitor is added in parallel to the resistor in the feedback circuit in the practical differentiator to eliminate the above problems.

(4) The advantages of op amp integrator:-

a) Op-amp circuits can be made to perform both integration and differentiation.

b) The circuit can be modified to give various applications.

c) Op-amp integrators produce an output voltage that is almost 100 times greater than the input voltage.

Advantage of Differentiator ckt:-

a).   The differentiator is most commonly used in wave shaping circuit to detect high frequency components in an input signal.

b).    It is a rate-of-change detector in FM modulators.

c).    R1C1 and RFCF in Differentiator helps to reduce significantly the effect of high-frequency input, amplifier noise and offsets.

d). R1C1 and RFCF in Differentiator makes the circuit more stable by preventing the increase in gain with frequency.