EIn a nomadic hunter gatherer society- The relationship between men and women and how their society is affected   I have to create a research question based on the archives provided by my professor

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EIn a nomadic hunter gatherer society- The relationship between men and women and how their society is affected

I have to create a research question based on the archives provided by my professor. The question above is what I came up with and I sort of need help with that. I also have the archives and resources to back up my potential thesis statement. 

WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT Research question: I want to write about the lunch debt controversy in Cherry Hill public schools because I want to find out the reasons that the school board would have to revoke privileges from children in need in order to help my reader understand the adverse effects that punishing students based off of their financial situation can have on their academic success and mental health. Schools Charge, Students Starve What happens when a school district would rather starve its students rather than provide feasible ways to eat lunch? National outrage. In Cherry Hill, New Jersey, the lunch debt controversy has sparked lots of backlash across the nation garnering the attention of important political figures such as Democratic presidential nominees Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren. Lunch debt is not a problem unique to Cherry Hill schools, instead it is a problem occurring throughout many public schools throughout the country, leading to kids not being fed and worsening families’ already poor financial conditions. Lunch debt is when students do not have enough money to pay for lunch at their school so they begin to collect “lunch debt” for every unpaid meal. This unpaid lunch balance can take a toll on students and their families contributing even more to the money disparity problem in the United States. Nationwide school lunch debt does not have an official estimate, however “according to a survey of 1,500 school districts represented by the School Nutrition Association (SNA), median lunch debt rose from $2,000 to $2,500 per district between 2016 and 2018” (Fu). The fact that lunch debt has made its way to the thousands shows the worsening condition of money balance in school districts and how this WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT is just another monetary issue in addition to all of the others that families have to worry about. In Cherry Hill school districts, there is already a policy in place for students who owe $20 or more to be limited to solely a tuna sandwich meal. In the article by Tully and Schweber, they address that “one student who spoke at a board meeting called the tuna sandwich ‘a badge of shame.” This shows how students who are only limited to certain types of lunches get a stigma attached to them which leads to shame and isolation. Elementary, middle, and high school children are impressionable and at the end of the day, they are all still children. All children want to do is to fit in and belong in the ingroup, especially in schools where there is already so much societal and peer pressure to fit in. The tuna sandwich “badge of shame” fosters a dangerous environment for underprivileged children who do not have the means to pay for a full lunch everyday and because they do not want to be excluded or shamed by others, they starve which will obviously have an adverse effect on their well-being. This coincides with the article written by New York Times author Carol Pogash who talks about how in a school in San Francisco, “only 37 percent of eligible high school students citywide take advantage of the subsidized meal program.” She further notes how “the stigma of accepting a government lunch...is not unique to San Francisco. It is a problem many school districts across the country have been quietly confronting.” Clearly a negative stigma does exist around the fact that different lunches are served to different students based on financial need and all this does is foster an environment of isolation and segregation among classes. Students in these districts choose to willingly not WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT participate and starve rather than eat these designated lunches simply because of social pressure and the fact that they would want to fit in with everyone else. This problem does not exist only in Cherry Hill and it something that needs to be addressed as children across the United States are facing it on a daily basis. Despite this tuna sandwich policy already being in place, “over the summer, the [Cherry Hill] school board considered amending that policy and denying lunch to students who were more than $20 in debt” (Tully). Pictured above is a picture of a Cherry Hill school board meeting. This was faced with warranted backlash as people thought it was ridiculous to deny students food because they had “lunch debt” which should not be a problem that public school students should even have to worry about. There are programs such as the National School Lunch Program that “makes it possible for schools to serve nutritious inexpensive lunches to students each day” (education.nh.gov). There have been studies done on the effect of the new National School Lunch Program (NSLP) meal standards (after the passing of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act) on students that show that based on the nutritional guidelines of the NSLP, students are getting more nutritional lunches to satisfy their needs. In a study carried out by Donna B. Johnson, PhD, Mary Podrabsky, MPH, and Anita Rocha, MS, they found that the implementation of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act through the NSLP led to “change WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT [that] was associated with significant improvement in the nutritional quality of foods chosen by students.” Furthermore, they concluded that implementation of the policy was associated with improved school food environments by increasing the nutritional quality of foods served to children.” These results show how these programs to help children in financial need are more beneficial then stripping them away from their ability to eat. With these new policies in place, school lunches have to meet nutritional standards that are for the best of every student and it would be a dishonorable disservice to not allow children to eat because of their financial situation or because they owe $20 in lunch debt. Another study to back up this claim was carried out by Craig Gunderson, Brent Kreider, and John Pepper who work for the Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics as well as the Depart of Economics. In their study, they tested for the impact of the NSLP on child health and determined that “the free lunch program is estimated to reduce the incidence of all three poor health outcomes [with the outcomes being food insecurity, poor health, and obesity]” and that their “results suggest that the NSLP leads to notable improvements in health outcomes.” This further proves the point of how school lunches are important for students because they lead to improved health and how the policy that the school board considered would majorly hinder the health performance of these students because they would not be reaching the nutritional goals that they should be. The fact that the board even considered that the best way to reform the school lunch debt problem would be to starve the children and deprive them of any food at all just because they owe more than $20 is ridiculous. However, the biggest issue Cherry Hill public schools are facing is the backlash of their newest approved plan for the lunch debt problem. This new plan “allows principals to block students who owe more than $75 from buying yearbooks or prom tickets, and from WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT participating in nonacademic field trips and some extracurricular activities.” Many have taken issue with the fact that important things that students would be looking forward to will be taken away because they did not have enough money to eat lunch. If students are already in financial trouble, then punishing them and taking away even more from them will lead to more problems, not solve the ones that are already there. Yearbooks and prom is something that so many high school students look forward to with prom being dubbed the best night of high school and it is completely unfair that students have such big and momentous occasions taken away from them because of lunch debt. This plan by Cherry Hill has sparked nationwide outrage, including some major political figures. Calling the plan “cruel and punitive,” Democratic presidential nominee Elizabeth Warren continued on her Twitter saying that “every kid needs and deserves a nutritious meal in order to learn at school.” Other Democratic presidential nominees Bernie Sanders and Cory Booker also chimed in with Sanders stating that “school lunch debt’ should not exist in the wealthiest country in the history of the world” and Booker affirming that “no child should go hungry at school—period.” Clearly, this issue is bigger than the town of Cherry Hill because important leaders of the country are getting involved and noting how this is a big problem that needs to be solved in other ways than taking away food and activities from these students. Students should not be denied events such as prom and field trips because WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT they do not have money to eat; the fact that they do not have enough money to eat should be the biggest concern for these schools first and foremost and these students should be helped as much as they could, not shamed and punished for things out of their hands. The school board has its rationale that their intent in these policies is to make sure that families who have the money to pay but choose not to pay stop getting away with it. However, this seems to be the exception not the rule and it’s highly unlikely that a majority of the children in lunch debt are the ones in the situation mentioned by the school. Also, the students should not be the ones who are punished in this situation because they probably have little to no say in the decisions that their family members make; once again the following needs to be reinforced: they are children. It seems like the school board does not want to own up to their true intents in punishing their students by taking away their food and special events and would rather use a very small statistic of families cheating the system as a scapegoat. In addition to all of this, Steve Ravitz, local businessman, “offered to pay off all of the students’ lunch debts but was turned down” (Billdoyle). Ravitz told The Inquirer that he never heard back from the Cherry Hill school district and so he gave up. WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT The school district stated that “they are not accepting donations because it wouldn’t address the problem of families that are capable of paying but do not” (Billdoyle). In response to this, Cherry Hill school superintendent Joseph Meloche also said the following in an email: “the lunch debt issue is a complicated one, as simply wiping away the debt that exists does not solve the problem of families and children who are food insecure and who are struggling to provide meals – both in school and at home” (Berkery). This seems to be a PR answer that does not address the many other concerns and suggestions that have been sent to Cherry Hill nor does it address the controversial policies that they want to implement wherein children would be deprived of social activities essential to the high school experience such as prom and school field trips. This coupled with the fact that the school district was seriously considering to deny students with lunch debt (over $20) any food at all makes it seem like the children are definitely not the priority of the school district and that there are other factors that are affecting the decisions that they are making. The school district is so intent on punishing these students that they denied a donation of over $15,000 from Ravitz who would have happily cleared the lunch debt. Not only would this let the students start off on a clean slate, it would allow the district more time to come up with better resolutions and better ideas to solve the lunch debt problem that is apparent not only in Cherry Hill, but across the entire country. Students in Cherry Hill are starving and having prom taken away from them simply because WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT they cannot afford to pay for school lunch, but this is not just a Cherry Hill problem. Children nationwide are facing the lunch debt crisis and this is something that needs to be addressed and solved because these children are our future and punishing them for things not in their control is simply cruel. Every student in public schools have a right to eat and they should not be shamed or ostracized because of their financial situation. Cherry Hill has received its warranted backlash and the need for school lunch reform will deservingly only get stronger as its reached the attention of powerful political figures. To state it simply, don’t starve our students and let them eat. “On my honor, I have neither received nor given any unauthorized assistance on this assignment.” 9 Works Cited Berkery, Sheri, and Jim Walsh. “Cherry Hill School Lunch Debt: Why District Wants to Bag Donation Offers.” Courier, Cherry Hill Courier-Post, 21 Oct. 2019, https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/news/local/south-jersey/2019/10/21/cherry-hill school-lunch-debt-steve-ravitz-donation-tuna-sandwiches/4051758002/. Billdoyle. “NJ Businessman Tried to Pay Cherry Hill Student Lunch Food Debts.” New Jersey 101.5, 21 Oct. 2019, https://nj1015.com/nj-businessman-tried-to-pay-cherry-hill-student-lunch-food-debts/. Fu, Jessica. “School Lunch Debt Is a Huge Issue across the Country. What's the Solution?” New Food Economy, 5 June 2019, https://newfoodeconomy.org/school-lunch-debt-usda/. WRITING 102: RESEARCH PROJECT SAMPLE ESSAY - LUNCH DEBT Gundersen, Craig, Brent Kreider, and John Pepper. "The impact of the National School Lunch Program on child health: A nonparametric bounds analysis." Journal of Econometrics166.1 (2012): 79-91. Johnson, Donna B., et al. "Effect of the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act on the nutritional quality of meals selected by students and school lunch participation rates." JAMA pediatrics 170.1 (2016): e153918-e153918. “National School Lunch Program.” Skip Navigation, https://www.education.nh.gov/program/nutrition/school_lunch.htm. 10 Pogash, Carol. "Free lunch isn’t cool, so some students go hungry." The New York Times (2008). Simko-Bednarski, Evan. “New Jersey Lunch Debt Policy Sparks National Attention.” CNN, Cable News Network, 26 Oct. 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/26/us/new-jersey-lunch-debt-national-trnd/index.html. Tully, Tracey, and Nate Schweber. “First, the Tuna Fish 'Badge of Shame.' Next, Banned From the Prom?” The New York Times, The New York Times, 1 Nov. 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/01/nyregion/cherry-hill-lunch-elizabeth-warren.html. Research Project Unit 3 Assignment Sheet OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE: Archives in the strict, narrow sense are the documents generated by an official government or organization in the course of its duties. In American usage, the term “archives” expands to an umbrella concept for all primary documentation, ranging from diaries to letters, photographs, articles, movies, posters. Archives are documents that are no longer needed for their original purpose, yet have significant informational and evidential value for the purpose of writing history. Archival research is the act of critically engaging with primary sources held in archives. Archival sources can be manuscripts, documents, records, objects, sound and audiovisual materials, among other things. You will first select an archive from a curated list (see below), and then select a primary text from that archive. This primary text will serve as the focal point of your project. Throughout this unit we will formulate an original research question about your chosen text. The goal of the research stage is for you to explore the context surrounding your topic and to think through and about your research question. To do this, you will gather credible and reliable sources and thereby research the academic conversation that already exists about your text. By starting with evaluating existing information, ideas, and assumptions from multiple perspectives you will be able to produce a well-reasoned, evidence-based analysis: the foundation for the writing and drafting stage. For the largest and final unit of our semester, you will compose an original research project—that contributes to the ongoing academic conversation. The final product will be a multimodal piece, and include text, images, graphics, video, and/or sound. The research project will be broken into several stages including a proposal, an annotated bibliography, an outline, and two drafts of a research paper. Each element of this multi-stageprocess will be submitted via Canvas to facilitate and build an interactive community of writers. ARCHIVE LIST OPTIONS Note: Peruse the following archives (each is a hyperlink) and select one of interest to find a single text for the research project. ? Federal Response to Radicalism in the 1960s ? Welcome to British & Irish Women's Letters and Diaries ? Federal Surveillance of African Americans, 1920-1984 ? 17th – 18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers ? Eagleton Poll Archive ? Access World News ? USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive ? North American Women's Letters and Diaries ? ECCO ? Nineteenth Century U.S. Newspapers ? The Gerritsen Collection ? America’s Historical Newspapers ? British Periodicals ? Academic Video Online ? Ethnographic Video Online DELIVERABLES Brainstorming Due April 8 Before Midnight At this point in the writing process, you’ll review the options for which archive you’d like to focus on. Try to go with your interests; these papers are much easier to write when you’re personally invested. Come up with two or three ideas for general topics you’d maybe like to explore, and then scroll through the archive, just to get a feel for it. Proposal Due April 15 Before Midnight After selecting a specific text from one of the above archives you want to cover/investigate, answer the following questions: What about the text puzzles you? What question might you have about it? Refer explicitly to the text, whether a quote or an image. Sum up the problem in a single question, in bold. Explain why your question isn’t an easy one to answer. Could your question lead to more than one answer? How do you plan to answer this question? Why does the question interest you? Why should the question interest other scholars and readers? ? 350-450 words in length ? .doc or .docx, uploaded to the appropriate assignment on Canvas Outline Due April 22 Before Midnight The outline should be fleshed-out bullet points (following a template and detailed instructions that will be given on Canvas) which fully address each main idea or section of the paper. This draft will be workshopped by your peers in order to develop a plan for your draft. ? At least 350 words in length ? .doc or .docx, uploaded to the appropriate assignment on Canvas before class time (2PM) Research Project First Draft Due April 29 Before Class (9:35AM) This draft should be good enough for you to be able to get useful feedback from your peer review group. While it will represent your first attempt of this phase of the assignment, it should be moderately developed and free of careless errors. This draft will be workshopped by your peers in order to develop a plan for revision. ? At least 1,000 words in length (NOT including the Works Cited/References page) ? A properly formatted Works Cited and MLA in-text citations or References page and APA in-text citations for all sources. ? .doc or .docx, uploaded to the appropriate assignment on Canvas before class time (2PM) Research Project Second Draft Due May 6 Before Midnight (With Portfolio) This draft should successfully demonstrate a careful application of peer feedback, instructor feedback, and revision. The final research paper should be a complete argument, with examples and research to provide evidence for the overall claim as well as all supporting claims, and a move toward exploring the significance of this argument. It should be well-developed and free of careless errors. ? 1,500 to 2,500 words in length (NOT including the Works Cited/References page) ? (5) to eight (8) sources, including your primary text ? A properly formatted Works Cited and MLA in-text citations or References page and APA in-text citations for all sources. ? Uploaded to you Digital Portfolio for submission NUTS N’ BOLTS ? As always, all written components MUST be double spaced, 12 point Times New Roman font, MLA or APA format (including a heading and title). ? Title your files: Your Last Name_Unit 3_Assignment Name ? Include a title, page numbers and the following heading: FirstName LastName Composition 102 Assignment Name Prof. LastName Date ? Submit each assignment (except for the second draft of the research project) as an electronic copy (.doc or .docx) via Canvas. Other file formats will result in your work being considered late until you turn in .doc or .docx. ? The final draft of this research project will be submitted as part of your digital portfolio, not via Canvas ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ? Writing and Design Lab: [https://wdl.camden.rutgers.edu] ? Engage the reference librarians. They want to help you! ? Meet with me during office hours (or by appointment) to discuss your draft and progress. 1. Academic Integrity ? Academic integrity is taken very seriously at Rutgers University, and in this classroom. All writing submitted for this class must be written by you and for the assignment in question. 2. A successful project will: ? Raise a unique and interesting research question that relates to the problems of a particular place/environment. ? Actively engage with other voices in the conversations surrounding your subject, and including at least eight sources (at least four scholarly, and at least one should be your own primary research). ? Incorporate at least five multimodal elements that enhance the reader’s understanding. ? Tells a compelling story that provides insight to the reader. ? Show progression from initial plans to the finished piece. ? Be free of sentence-level errors and follow the appropriate formatting guidelines. 3. Tips ? Choose a compelling and interesting problem that will keep you engaged for the long haul ? Consider how your research can help affect change in your hometown ? Think about storytelling: this project shouldn’t just be an info dump of everything you learned ? Don’t miss the low hanging fruit (i.e. proper formatting, grammar, portfolio reflection, and process reflection sheet)