QUESTION 1   Kant argues that we can discover the need for a pure moral philosophy by analyzing human behavior and social structures themselves, and what we discover is that       a

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QUESTION 1

 

Kant argues that we can discover the need for a pure moral philosophy by analyzing human behavior and social structures themselves, and what we discover is that

 

 

	a.	Teleological theories are rationally justifiable
	b.	There exists a common, apriori idea of duty and moral validity
	c.	The concept of duty is an aposteriori principle of acting
	d.	The primary function of the rational faculty is to produce happiness

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 2

 

Kant goes on to claim that nothing in the world is good without qualification except

 

	a.	A good action
	b.	The categorical imperative
	c.	A good will
	d.	Promoting happiness

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 3

 

Contrary to Mill and Rand, Kant believes that the purpose of reason is to

 

	a.	Seek our proper end, which is virtue
	b.	Construct a hierarchy of principles
	c.	Produce a good will
	d.	Guide us in acting in accordance with duty.

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 4

 

Kant argues that the concept of pleasure or happiness is

 

	a.	Only meaningful when acting from duty
	b.	Better served by the instincts
	c.	Derived from experience alone
	d.	The immediate end of all of our actions

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 5

 

Kant argues that it is wrong to lie because

 

	a.	Prudence tells us that it might not go well
	b.	Such a maxim is made out of fear
	c.	He was a recovering liar, and hated to admit it
	d.	We cannot will a universal law to lie

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 6

 

Kant explains that we have an imperfect duty to preserve our own lives.

 

 True

 False

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 7

 

What is an inclination for Kant?

 

	a.	A rule that's based on a rational hierarchy
	b.	A principle of the will derived by reason
	c.	Anything that influences the will other than reason
	d.	None of the above

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 8

 

The primary focus for ethics, according to Aristotle, is

 

	a.	The role of reason in determining law
	b.	Analyzing the natural desires of the human condition
	c.	The development of virtue or character
	d.	Judging the consequences of our actions

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 9

 

What is a virtue, according to Aristotle?

 

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4 points   

QUESTION 10

 

The highest or ultimate good for Aristotle must be complete.

 

 True

 False

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 11

 

If there is a highest good to be achieved by all people, then it will be tied to the special function or nature of the human person.  Aristotle thinks this special function will be found

 

	a.	In the analysis of the good itself
	b.	In the consequences of our actions
	c.	In the rational faculties of the soul
	d.	When we formulate a duty to act

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 12

 

Aristotle thinks that is possible to perform a virtuous action without being a virtuous person.

 

 True

 False

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 13

 

What are the two types of virtue, for Aristotle, and how are they generally "learned"?

 

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4 points   

QUESTION 14

 

Aquinas thinks that when a ruler gives his subjects a law, he has given them a way of judging how to behave in order for them to:

 

	a.	Obtain the final end of membership in that society
	b.	Be directed towards the ruler's selfish ends
	c.	Maximize utility for all
	d.	All of the above

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 15

 

A proposition is epistemologically self-evident when:

 

	a.	We know the predicate, but not the subject of the proposition
	b.	It is a precept of human law
	c.	It influences the conscience to do the good
	d.	None of the above

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 16

 

Which of the following is a precept of the natural law that is necessary to flourish as a human being?

 

	a.	To will the goods of the rational nature
	b.	To preserve one's own life
	c.	To have one's physical needs met;
	d.	All of the above

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 17

 

Aquinas argues that the natural law is self-evident in itself but not to us

 

 True

 False

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 18

 

Aquinas believes that true happiness does not consist in any of the external goods because

 

	a.	The external goods are all self-sufficient in themselves
	b.	The external goods are all compatible with evil
	c.	Sometimes the means do not justify them
	d.	None of the above

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 19

 

Concerning the topic of happiness, Aquinas slightly disagrees with Aristotle.  One point that Aquinas makes is that

 

	a.	One does not need to be taught virtue
	b.	Happiness is not our final end
	c.	Happiness is a real goal
	d.	All of the above

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 20

 

Aquinas argues that killing in self-defense is always morally wrong.

 

 True

 False

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 21

 

In accordance with our moral intuitions, Thompson reveals that at least one thing distinguishing the fat man case from the lever case is that:

 

	a.	The fat man is a threat to the five innocent men on the tracks
	b.	In the lever case, we are only diverting the threat from the other five
	c.	Weighing utilities will always trump any rights the fat man has
	d.	None of the above

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 22

 

When assessing the Trolley Problem, an Egoist will argue that the five men tied to the track should be saved in order to maximize value.

 

 True

 False

 

 

 

2 points   

QUESTION 23

 

Questions 23, 24 and 25 are short answer questions worth 5 points each.

 

Distinguish a contradiction in conception from a contradiction in willing.

 

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5 points   

QUESTION 24

 

Questions 23, 24 and 25 are short answer questions worth 5 points each.

 

Explain the difference between an intellectual and a practical virtue, for Aristotle.

 

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5 points   

QUESTION 25

 

Questions 23, 24, and 25 are short answer questions worth 5 points each.

 

What does Aquinas think the goods of the rational nature are?  Why are these important?
 

 

 

 

What does Aquinas think the goods of the rational nature are?  Why are these important?
 

 

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5 points   

QUESTION 26

 

Questions 26, 27, 28, and 29 are short essays questions worth 15 points each. You must answer only two (2) of the four short essay questions among questions 26, 27, 28, and 29.   We will be looking for depth, relevance, and precision in your answers.  We will not grade extra essays.

26. Both Aristotle and Mill agree that happiness is the highest good.  How are their theories different?


27. Contrary to Mill, Kant believes that his theory better fits the Golden Rule.  Why?  Compare and contrast their views.


28. What is the Trolley Problem?  Given our lecture, what is the precise reason a Natural Law theorist would give for their response to the Trolley Problem?  What, if anything, would Thompson ask us to consider when deciding what to do?


29. Consider this thought experiment: "Six soldiers are caught in a bunker during a rescue mission in Afghanistan.  During a firefight a grenade is thrown into the bunker, threatening the lives of everyone present.  Sgt. Wells knows he would be able to shield his team from the blast by throwing himself on the grenade.  He quickly considers whether he would be morally justified in sacrificing himself, or if it would be suicide."

Using the specific conditions of the Doctrine of Double Effect, provide an answer to Sgt. Wells' dilemma: What ought Wells do?  Alternatively, would a Kantian deontologist offer a different answer to this case?  Why or why not?