25) Loop diuretics increase water loss by:            a

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25) Loop diuretics increase water loss by:            a. blocking the effect of ADH 

            b. increasing water reabsorption in the descending limb of the loop of Henle

            c. reducing the corticomedullary gradient

            d. causing the macula densa to reduce GFR

 

_____26) In a hyponatremic patient, a majority of the filtered load of sodium is reabsorbed in the:

            a. proximal tubule

            b. ascending limb of the loop of Henle

            c. distal tubule

            d. macula densa

 

_____27) Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?

            a. sodium reabsorption

            b. vasoconstriction

            c. aldosterone secretion

            d. reduces angiotensinogen production

 

_____28) Which of the following is a stimulus for the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin?

            a. increased flow to the macula densa

            b. increased afferent arteriolar pressure

            c. sympathetic stimulation 

            d. all of the above

 

_____29) In response to a major hemorhage:

            a. the afferent arteriole vasodilates

            b. ADH secretion is reduced

            c. Juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to release renin

            d. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release is increased

 

_____30) At the end of the proximal tubule, which filtered substance will have the greatest [tubular fluid]/[plasma] ratio?

            a. glucose

            b. sodium

            c. HCO₃^-

            d. creatinine