Discuss the following concepts and provide an example (not given in the textbook) for each as it relates to the developmental-behavioral approach. Negative reinforcement Intrinsic reinforcement Positive reinforcement Natural and logical consequences Withdrawing or withholding reinforcement Incompatible behaviors Catch the child being good Reminders, redirection, reprimands Sit and watch Time-out

Negative Reinforcement - strengthens a behaviour that avoids a bad outcome

For example, If he/she hands in all assignments on time, then the lowest grade will be dropped

Intrinsic Reinforcement - a form of internal reward

For example, pride or satisfaction

• a child may complete mathematics word problems because he enjoys mathematics and loves a challenge

Positive Reinforcement - provide a reinforcing stimulus following a certain behaviour

For example, parents rewarding a child for doing his chores with a weekly allowance.

Natural Consequences occur without any enforcement on the part of the parent, while Logical Consequences do involve action from the parent.

For example, a natural consequence for a child that refuses to eat is that "she feels hungry."

a logical consequence is when child is banned from hanging out with their friends because of poor grade

Withdrawing/Withholding Reinforcement - when rewards are taken away as a form of discipline

For example, taking away a child's phone

Incompatible Behaviours -  the teacher identifies a behavior that's incompatible with, or cannot occur at the same time as, the problem behavior. The focus is on replacing negative behaviors with positive behaviors.

For example, a student cannot sit in a desk and wander around the classroom at the same time

Catch the child being good - Give positive attention for even small improvements.

For example, "I really like the way you are sitting in your chair".

Reinforcing, Reminding, and Redirecting - These are guidance techniques employed to direct the child as to how to behave appropriately.

For example, for reinforcing language say, "You remembered to change the 'y' to 'i' when adding 'ed.'", instead of saying "Your spelling shows progress."

Sit and watch - aid in getting the desired behaviour of a child through observing them

For example, watch them and also acknowledge the children's action with a nod/smile, instead of saying anything

Time-out - involves taking your child away from what they like to do/what they are doing, and not give them your attention for some time

For example, if a child is did something harmful to another student, give them a "time-out"