Section 24.1

1)In the past, fungi were thought to be plants. Explain why. Why are they no longer considered to be plants? 

 

2)What characteristics do fungi share with animals? 

 

3)What is the 3 - 4 letter root word of fungi? (Hint: what is the study of fungus?)

 

4)Some fungi are pigmented. What is the purpose of the pigment?

 

5)Fungi belong to what supergroup?. If most fungi are nonmotile (do not move), why are they classified in that supergroup?

 

6)What is the definition of yeast? Give two examples.

 

7) What are hyphae? What type of fungi produce these structures?

 

8) Describe the general structure (vegetative stage) of a multicellular fungus.

 

9) What is the difference between septate and coenocytic fungi? 

 

10) Explain how fungi obtain nutrients.

 

11) Describe examples of asexual reproduction in fungi.

 

12) What are fungal spores? 

 

13) Differentiate between conidiospores and sporangiospores.

 

14) Describe the three stages of fungal sexual reproduction 

 

Section 24.2

15. What is the number one trait used to classify fungi into the different phyla?

 

16. Describe the five main phyla of fungi. List the Phylum, Defining characteristics, and Economic importance and examples

• Chytridiomycota(chytrids): batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a pathogen of amphibians

 

17. Which one is the outgroup? ____________________________

 

18. Differentiate between a sporangium and a zygosporangium of a zygomycete. 

 

19. Describe the relationship between an ascus and an ascocarp.

20. Describe the relationship between a basidium and a basidiocarp.

21. (a) What are molds? Give an example. (b) How do they reproduce?

Section 24.3 - 24.4

22. List some of the ecological roles of fungi.

23. What are mycorrhizae? Differentiate between endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae.

24. Define lichen. What are the three types?

25. Describe at least 2 fungal parasite or pathogen of plants.

26. Describe at least three fungal pathogens of humans.

27. Provide examples of how fungi directly benefits humans.

1)Why are fungi no longer considered to be plants.

This is because plants are able to make their own food but fungi get their food from other organism.

Fungi have a cell wall made of chitin while Plants have cell wall which is made of cellulose.

Fungi share some characteristics with animals they are

• Both are eukaryotes.
• Both Animals and fungi don't have chloroplasts.
• Both are heterotrophics.
• Both are having organelles with membrane.

b. The 3-4 letter root word of fungi is mycology.

It focuses on fungi relationships to each other and other organisms.

It is the branch of biology.

c. The purpose of the pigment in fungi is to aid in protecting it from harmful environmental conditions.

This pigment is not for photosynthesis.

d. Fungi belongs to Unikonta super group because of DNA comparisons fungi belongs to this super group when it is nonmottile.

e.Yeast is a single celled fungus.It is used when making alcoholic drinks and breads.It converts sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Examples of the yeast are Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

f. Hyphae are the thread like filaments.They are building blocks of a fungus.The Multi cellular fungi produce these structures.

8.Most fungi are multicellular organisms. They show two distinct morphological stages: the vegetative and reproductive. The vegetative stage consists of a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae  whereas the reproductive stage can be more conspicuous.

9.The septate hyphae are the more primitive form of hyphae with septate hyphae diverged from a common ancestor with coenocytic hyphae. Most fungi with coenocytic hyphae belong to the class Zygomycetes and they do not form septa between nuclei.

10.They decompose dead organic matter.

• They feed on living hosts.
• They live mutualistically with other organisms.

11.In fungi the asexual reproduction occurs through production of more specialized spores. Such spores may be produced in special sacs known as sporangia and the spores are known as sporangiospores.The various types of asexual reproduction in fungi are spore formation, fragmentation, budding, and fission

12.Fungal spores are microscopic biological particles that allow fungi to be reproduced.

13. Conidiophore is the aerial hypha of ascomycetes fungi that bears asexual spores called conidia while sporangiophore is the aerial hypha of zygomycetes fungi that bears asexual spores called sporangiospores.

14.Sexual reproduction in fungi include  plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis. The diploid chromosomes are pulled apart into two daughter cells, each containing a single set of chromosomes.

Section 24.2

15.Features of reproduction.

16.Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

Phylum chytridiomycota

They have motile stages in their life cycle.

They cause economically important diseases.

Example include water mold.

Zygomycota (conjugated fungi)

phylum zycomycota

They form zygospore during sexual reproduction

They are medicine yielding antibiotics

Examples include conjugated fungi

 Ascomycota (sac fungi),

Phylum Ascomycota

They are the fruiting body

It is used in the production of alcohol and bread

Example include the sac fungi.

Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Phylum basidiomycita

Production of forcibly discharged ballistospores

They are edible and used as source of food

Examples include the mushroom

Glomeromycota. 

Phylum glomeromycota

They form arbuscular mycorrhizas

They provide essential nutrients to the vast majority of terrestrial plant

Examples include geosiphonaceae

17.Microsporidia

18.Zygosporangium is a sporangium which produces a single zygospore while sporangium is a case in which spores are produced by an organism.

19. ascus is a sac-shaped cell present in ascomycete fungi and it is a reproductive cell in which meiosis and an additional cell division produce eight spores while ascocarp is the sporocarp of an ascomycete, typically bowl-shaped.

20.basidium is a small structure, shaped like a club, found in the basidiomycota division of fungi and that bears four spores at the tips of small projections while basidiocarp is a mushroom which has basidia.

21.Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant or animal matter.

Examples include

• Alternaria.
• Aspergillus.
• Aureobasidium.

Reproduction

Molds reproduce by producing large numbers of small spores which may contain a single nucleus or be multinucleate. Mold spores can be asexual or sexual and many species can produce both types.

22.Decomposition.

• Nutrient Cycling.
• Symbiosis. 
• Food Source.

23.Mycorrhiza is a mutual symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. 

ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae is that the fungal hyphae do not penetrate into the cortical cells of the plant roots in ectomycorrhizae while the fungal hyphae penetrate into the cortical cells of the plant roots in endomycorrhizae

24.Lichen a large group of symbiotic associations between fungi and green and occasionally blue green algae.

Examples

• Fruticose
• Foliose
• Crustose

25.green mold on grapefruit, powdery mildew on a zinnia, 

26.Viruses

Viruses are made up of a piece of genetic code for instance DNA or RNA and it is protected by a coating of protein. Once you're infected the viruses invade host cells within your body. They then use the components of the host cell to replicate hence producing more viruses.

Bacteria

Bacteria are microorganisms made of a single cell. They are very diverse and they have a variety of shapes and features, and have the ability to live in just about any environment, including in and on your body. Not all bacteria cause infections. 

Parasites

Parasites are organisms that behave like tiny animals, living in or on a host and feeding from or at the expense of the host. 

27.

Yeasts have been in the production of beer, wine, and bread.

Fungi produces substances that humans use as medicine.

They are versatile tools in the vast field of medical research