replicative chapter 36A nursing questions

1.analyse the initials of the letters MLV in regard to vaccination.

2. Neospora caninum is a major cause of what in pregnant cows?

3.link the BVD to all the viral diseases

4.in regard to the States Department of Agriculture,what could be the relevance of the FSA

5. What percent moisture should corn silage be chopped at when stored in horizontal silos-bunkers or bags?

6.by what action does the Polyene antibiotics have impact on the plasma membrane of the fungus.

7.what parameters render the Nystatin ineffective 

8.derive a brief history of the World Dairy Expo

9.in realtion to the temperature drip,what is recommended of a normal young calf

Answer:

1) ANALYZE THE INITIALS OF THE MLV LETTERS REGARDING VACCINATION.
Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines
Viral or bacterial vaccines can die or be alive. Live vaccines contain bacteria or a modified virus (MLV). This means that they have lost their ability to cause disease (attenuated) or are administered by a route that prevents them from causing clinical disease, unlike killed vaccines they are just what the name says: they have been attenuated through a process that resulted in his death.
Modified live vaccines contain entire pathogens that have been altered (attenuated) so that they cannot cause clinical disease but can still infect and multiply within the animal. The immune system of the animal recognizes the presence of the replicating pathogen to produce an enhanced immune response, thus eliminating the need for adjuvants. In general, the immunity produced by modified live vaccines tends to last longer than the immunity produced by killed vaccines. The main advantage of modified live vaccines is a broader scope and duration of protection because the animal is exposed to all stages of the replicating virus or bacteria. Live modified products require lyophilized (lyophilized) vaccine cake to be mixed with the provided diluent and must be used within one hour after mixing.

https://www.beefmagazine.com/mag/beef_modifiedlive_vs_killed

2. NEOSPORA CANINUM IS ONE OF THE MAIN CAUSES OF WHAT IN PREGNANT COWS?
Neospora caninum is the causal agent of abortion in cattle from livestock regions around the world.

https://www.portalveterinaria.com/rumiantes/articulos/12064/neosporosis-bovina.html

LINK DVB WITH ALL VIRAL DISEASES.
3. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a disease of worldwide distribution and the infection tends to be endemic in bovine populations, in most countries it reaches levels of 0.5-2% in Persistently Infected (PI) cattle and 60 to 80% of seropositive cattle. The DVB virus is classified as a pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family; It has an RNA genome, single band and positive polarity. This virus has been classified into 2 biotypes (cytopathic and non-cytopathic) according to its behavior in cell culture and into 2 genotypes (I and II) based on its genetic sequence. Depending on the infecting strains, it presents a particular clinical picture varying in severity from a subclinical form, passing through the clinical form and even producing the fatal Mucosal Disease or causing deleterious effects on the fetus.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family related to classical swine fever virus and border disease virus of sheep. The virus has multiple strains that can be classified into two major serotypes: serotype 1 and serotype 2. Both can cause acute conditions of varying severity.
Cytopathogenic (CP) and non-cytopathogenic (NCP) biotypes can also be distinguished based on the effects of the virus on tissue cultures. Strains can mutate from the NCP to the CP biotype. BVDV has a very high degree of genetic variability and recombinations can occur between strains.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus of the Flaviviridae family related to classical swine fever virus and border disease virus of sheep. The virus has multiple strains that can be classified into two major serotypes: serotype 1 and serotype 2. Both can cause acute conditions of varying severity.

Cytopathogenic (CP) and non-cytopathogenic (NCP) biotypes can also be distinguished based on the effects of the virus on tissue cultures. Strains can mutate from the NCP to the CP biotype. BVDV has a very high degree of genetic variability and recombinations can occur between strains.
The disease can cause common symptoms (fever, poor appetite, lethargy) and also affect the immune, respiratory, reproductive and digestive systems.
• Ulcers in the mouth and digestive tract, as well as bloody diarrhea. "Traditional" diarrhea can occur, but is rare.
• Decreased reproductive performance.
• Immunosuppression that is at the origin of respiratory and intestinal diseases in the calf.
• BVDV can also cross the placental barrier of a pregnant cow and infect the fetus, causing embryonic deaths, spontaneous abortions, and perinatal mortality. Very important is its ability to cause the birth of persistently infected (PI) animals that can often go unnoticed and that constitute a great source of infection for the herd.

https://ar.zoetis.com/conditions/bovinos/diarrea-viral-bovina-_dvb_.aspx

4. WITH RESPECT TO THE STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WHAT COULD BE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FSA?
The Farm Service Agency (FSA) is the agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, formed by merging the agricultural loan portfolio and staff of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) and the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS). The Agricultural Services Agency implements agricultural policy, administers credit and loan programs, and manages conservation, commodity, disaster, and agricultural marketing programs through a national network of offices. The Administrator of the FSA reports to the Under Secretary of Agriculture for Agricultural Production and Conservation. The current administrator is Richard Fordyce. Each state's FSA is headed by a politically appointed State Executive Director (SED).
5. TO WHAT PERCENTAGE OF MOISTURE SHOULD CORN SILY BE CUT WHEN STORED IN HORIZONTAL SILOS-BUNKERS OR BAGS?
Moisture is the amount of water contained in the food. Percentage of humidity = 100 -% DM. DM is the percentage of the food that is not water. Percentage of DM = 100 -% humidity. A sample of corn silage with 30% DM contains 70% water. Knowing the moisture content of corn silage is critical in order to properly balance diets. Lower moisture contents are generally associated with more mature plants, which can significantly alter the digestibility and energy content of this forage. Adequate fermentation is also highly dependent on adequate moisture content, which for corn silage should be between 60 and 70%. When ensiled in a tower silo, the desirable moisture to minimize effluent is 60-65%.

https://dairy-cattle.extension.org/interpretacion-del-analisis-del-ensilaje-de-maiz/#:~:text=Una%20fermentaci%C3%B3n%20adecuada%20es%20tambi%C3%A9n,es%20de%2060%2D65%25.

https://www.dekalb.es/maiz-silo/manejo-del-cultivo-de-maiz/manejo-del-ensilaje-de-maiz

6. WHY DO THE ANTIBIOTICS POLYENE HAVE ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF FUNGUS?
The cell membrane of the human cell, as well as that of fungi, plays an important role in cell division and metabolism. Complex lipid particles called sterolates make up about 25% of the cell membrane. However, the sterol content of the fungal and mammalian cell is different. In mammalian cells, cholesterol is the predominant sterol and in fungal cells the primary sterol is ergosterol. The difference in sterol content has been exploited as a target of action in antifungal drugs. Among them there are polyenes, azoles and allylamines.
Polyene The drugs that are in this group bind to the ergosterol present in the fungal cell membrane, where pores are formed that alter the permeability of the membrane, which allows a loss of proteins, carbohydrates and monovalent and divalent cations, causes of death. mobile

http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-75152005000200012

7. WHAT PARAMETERS MAKE NISTATINE INEFFECTIVE
Nystatin appears as a hygroscopic powdery solid with a color oscillating between yellow and light tan, with an odor reminiscent of cereals. Sensitive to prolonged exposure to light, heat or air. From 160ºC, it gradually decomposes
Its chemical formula is C47H75NO17 and is characterized by having a macrocyclic chain of 46 carbon atoms, with four methyl groups, an amino sugar (mycosamine, which is a hexosamine) and six double bonds. These double bonds make the molecule sensitive to light, oxygen and alterations in pH.
Nystatin's spectrum of action is narrower than that of other antifungals of the same family, such as Amphotericin B; presenting activity almost exclusively against Candida spp. and Cryptococcus. Due to its mechanism of action, it is ineffective against bacteria, viruses and protozoa. Table 1 shows the ranges and geometric means of the minimum inhibitory concentration against Candida species.
Nystatin is indicated in skin and mucosal infections caused by the species of fungus Candida albicans and those produced by the genus Cryptococcus. Although in the laboratory it shows effectiveness on various types of fungi that can affect human skin, its poor ability to penetrate the skin makes it ineffective in daily practice.
Nystatin is very poorly soluble in water; practically insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, acetone and ether; slightly soluble in methanol and easily soluble in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. A 3% aqueous suspension has a pH between 6.5 - 8.0, being stable when heated at 100 ºC for 10 minutes, with a pH 7 or moderately alkaline, but they are labile at pH 9 and pH 2
It is practically not absorbed through the digestive tract, except at very high doses. Both intramuscular and intravenous administration cause significant reactions at the injection site or toxic effects, therefore its use is discouraged. Nor is it absorbed when applied to skin or mucous membranes. The little amount that can be absorbed is deactivated by 95% by metabolism, being its renal elimination

https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/57849/1/T41463.pdf

8.- DERIVE A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WORLD DAIRY EXPO.
World Dairy Expo is a five-day event showcasing dairy cattle and the newest technologies available to the dairy industry. The show takes place annually at the Alliant Energy Center in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. Considered the largest and most important dairy cattle fair in North America, it has been held in the first week of October since 1967.
Dairy cattle from all over North America, Europe and Australia are exhibited at the fair. All seven nationally recognized breeds (Brown Swiss, Holstein, Red & White, Guernsey, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, and Ayrshire) have a show. After a great champion of each breed is selected, a final judgment is held to determine the two best cows in the show. This takes place on the last day (Saturday) and is often referred to as the main event. The show begins with a presentation by each cow and leader (person at the end of the halter) listing both achievements. Once this is done, the cows are judged by all the breed judges from last week. After deciding on a cow, the Supreme Champion and the Reserve Supreme Champion are announced.
9. DEPENDING ON THE DRIPPING OF TEMPERATURE, WHAT IS RECOMMENDED FOR A NORMAL YOUNG CALF
Prepare immediately before use. Use at the rate of one kilo of product in 9 liters of good quality pure water. Heat to 40 ° C and mix gently until a homogeneous mixture is observed. Once prepared, feed the calves keeping the temperature as close to 37 ° C.
The milk substitute must be specially formulated to provide all the essential nutrients in milk, necessary for proper development and growth of calves between the first day and 60 days of life.

It is dissolved in warm water (40 ° C) at the rate of 1 kilo in 9 liters of water and is immediately delivered to the calves at 37-38 ° C

The daily intake should be 4 liters divided into two intakes, one in the morning and one in the afternoon.
The consumption of dry matter (DM) should be completed with balanced food and a gradual increase in the ration should be carried out.

https://www.biotecnicas.com.ar/nutricion/sustituto-l%C3%A1cteo-biot%C3%A9cnicas/143