CASE STUDY

Question:

don't beat around the bus;,be specific to the point and give the ultimate response to each of these questions

1.explain to which part of the plant tissue will the Increase amount of auxin in callus culture be more pronounced?

2. Which does not act as a fusogen in protoplast fusion?elaborate

3.what are the basic contribution of the Cell suspension culture to the production of primary and secondary metabolites?

4. Embryo initiation is facilitated by?explain

5.in the relation of the water potential,rule out the assimilation potentila to be a basic parameter

6. Which type of solution has lower levels of solutes than the solution?

1.why is the statement Higher cost method for multiplication for artificial seeds a misleading statement?

2.explain the contributions cytoplasmic male sterility in overcoming Cybrid

3.what false information according to about applications of the somatic embryogenesis lead to the Continuous cell lines

4.connect the link between the Somatic embryogenesis and the asexual mode of embryo  Formation

 

Answer:

1.explain to which part of the plant tissue will the Increase amount of auxin in callus culture be more pronounced?

• Auxin in callus culture will be more pronounced if it is found in the darker side of the plant. They are produced in the stem, buds, and root tips. 

2. Which does not act as a fusogen in protoplast fusion? elaborate

• Anything except the following will not act as fusogen: Sodium nitrate (NaN03), polyethylene glycol (PEG), Calcium ions (Ca2+), Polyvinyl alcohol etc. are the most commonly used protoplast fusion inducing agents which are commonly known as chemical fusogens. 

3.what are the basic contribution of the Cell suspension culture to the production of primary and secondary metabolites?

• Cell suspension culture helps represent a potential source of valuable secondary metabolites which can be used as food additives, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. The cell suspension cultures also provides environmental conditions, the supply of precursors, and the application of elicitors, and it can be altered by special treatments such as biotransformation and immobilization. 

4. Embryo initiation is facilitated by?explain

• The key and defining step in plant embryogenesis is its initiation from a non-embryonic precursor cell. This process naturally occurs when an egg cell is fertilized, transforming a haploid gamete into a diploid sporophyte. This event most certainly triggers reprogramming of the cellular state, and sets in motion the subsequent steps of embryo development. 

5.in the relation of the water potential, rule out the assimilation potential to be a basic parameter

• Water potential is the energy required, per quantity of water, to transport an infinitesimal quantity of water from the sample to a reference pool of pure free water. In ruling out its assimilation potential, we must take note that solutes reduce water potential by consuming some of the potential energy available in the water. Solute molecules can dissolve in water because water molecules can bind to them via hydrogen bonds; a hydrophobic molecule like oil, which cannot bind to water, cannot go into solution.

6. Which type of solution has lower levels of solutes than the solution?

• A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution. In biology, a solution outside of a cell is called hypotonic if it has a lower concentration of solutes relative to the cytosol.

1.why is the statement Higher cost method for multiplication for artificial seeds a misleading statement?

• Higher cost method for multiplication for artificial seeds is a misleading statement because artificial seeds have low production cost, ease of exchange of plant materials and reduction of the storage space.. Artificial seed could provide a cost advantage to those vegetable crops that currently have high seed costs and high per-plant value.

2.explain the contributions cytoplasmic male sterility in overcoming Cybrid

• Cytoplasmic male sterility helps can lead to restoration of male-fertility and overcomes cybridization. It helps maintain the characteristics of plants and recover the lost traits. It also helps restore some of the original qualities. 

3. What false information according to about applications of the somatic embryogenesis lead to the Continuous cell lines

• The false information according to about applications of the somatic embryogenesis that lead to the Continuous cell lines is plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis. Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis occurs in five steps: initiation of embryogenic cultures, proliferation of embryogenic cultures, prematuration of somatic embryos, maturation of somatic embryos and plant development on nonspecific media. Initiation and proliferation occur on a medium rich in auxin, which induces differentiation of localized meristematic cells. The auxin typically used is 2,4-D. Once transferred to a medium with low or no auxin, these cells can then develop into mature embryos. Germination of the somatic embryo can only occur when it is mature enough to have functional root and shoot apices 

4.connect the link between the Somatic embryogenesis and the asexual mode of embryo formation

• Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos. Plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium can be manipulated to induce callus formation and subsequently changed to induce embryos to form the callus. While, parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. Both embyos arise without having fertilization to happen.

Step-by-step explanation

1. Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tip that promotes cell elongation. Auxin moves to the darker side of the plant, causing the cells there to grow larger than corresponding cells on the lighter side of the plant.

2. To be considered a fusogen, it must be required for fusion, fuse unfamiliar membranes, and be present on the fusing membrane when need be. These cells include but are not limited too: gametes, trophoblasts, epithelial, and other developmental cells. These fusogens mediate cell-cell fusion and can perform neuron repairs, auto-fusion, and sealing of the phagosomes.

3. A suspension culture consists of cells and cell aggregates dispersed and growing in a moving liquid medium. During incubation, the amount of cell material increases for a limited period of time until the culture reaches a point of maximum yield of cell material. The synthesis of phytochemicals by the cell cultures in contrast to these in plants is independent of environmental conditions and quality fluctuations.

4. Strikingly though, embryo initiation in plants is not limited to the egg cell. Perhaps the most imaginative observation was made in the late 1950s when it was demonstrated that carrot somatic cells grown in a fully synthetic medium with the synthetic auxin phytohormone 2,4-D produced large numbers of embryos. This conditional reprogramming of somatic cells towards embryogenesis was later found to be common in many plant species, in cells of different origin, and can even be triggered by stresses in haploid microspores. Thus, embryogenesis is a property that can be rather universally triggered in plant cells, which urges the question of how the process is regulated.

5. Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action. While the assimilation potential (assimilative capacity) of the atmosphere can be represented in two ways: one as the ventilation coefficient and the other as the dispersion potential of emission loads discharged into the region.

6. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume. If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is hypotonic to the cell.

1. Artificial seed is clonal technique and it cuts short the laborious procedure of conventional recombination breeding and can bring the advancements of biotechnology to the doorsteps of farmer in a cost effective way. This artificial seed technology has great potential towards rapid, cost-effective mass propagation of commercial/elite plant accessions/varieties. They also provide a new channel for the plant lines that are being produced by harvesting new in-vitro biotechnological advances that can be directly delivered to the glasshouse, greenhouse, and in the field conditions without the hardening process. The artificial seed production technology can be defined as a rapid, in-vitro cost-effective mass propagation method that can maintain the genetic fidelity of the plants.

2. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a condition under which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen, is widespread among higher plants. CMS systems represent a valuable tool in the production of hybrid seed in self-pollinating crop species, including maize, rice, cotton, and a number of vegetable crops. While Cybrids are produced by combining cytoplasm from nucleated cells with non-nucleated cells or cytoplasts.

3. Somatic embryogenesis is an artificial process in which a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell. Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo.

4. Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo. Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by sperm.Asexual reproduction includes fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis.