You are actually exposed to less radiation if you stick your hand in a properly functioning microwave oven right after it turns off. First of all, the microwaves emitted by a microwave oven are not harmful beyond their ability to heat you. Microwaves are non-ionizing, meaning that they do not have enough energy per photon to rip electrons off of atoms or break chemical bonds, which is what leads to cancer and radiation sickness. In fact, microwaves have far less energy per photon than the light from a candle or even the infrared thermal radiation from your hand.

questions;

1.elaborate on Nonpolar molecule as illustrated by the property of water

2. Cohesion of water molecules is due to?explain

3.what is your core understanding of Ascent of sap in regard to the movement of water against gravitational force

4.Which pathway is used to transport water from the epidermis to a tracheary element of root?

5.interconnect the Permanent wilting to the wilt beyond recovery

6.what are the contribution of the field capacity to the Water holding capacity of soil

7relate the inhibiting factors to the cell shrinking away during Plasmolysis

8.describe your fine understanding of the turgor pressure as initiated by the outward pressure

9explain the relevance of the Tonicity subject to the osmotic pressure gradient of solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

10. Name the term which is given for the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane?

 

Answer:

Question 1. 

Water dissolves ions and polar molecules well, whereas nonpolar molecules are difficult to dissolve. (A polar molecule is one that is neutral or uncharged on the outside but has an asymmetric internal charge distribution that produces partially positive and partially negative areas.)

 

Fats and oils, for example, are nonpolar molecules that do not mix with water or create hydration shells. Because these molecules lack areas of a partial positive or partial negative charge, they aren't attracted to water molecules electrostatically. When nonpolar compounds (such as oils) are introduced to water, they stay separate and form layers or droplets rather than dissolving.

 

Question 2. 

The intermolecular interaction between the partially negative oxygen of one water molecule and the partially positive hydrogen of another molecule causes cohesion in water. A hydrogen bond is a type of non-covalent bond formed.

 

Because each water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules in a tetrahedral structure, water is very cohesive. The cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water causes surface tension.

 

Question 3. 

The upward passage of water and minerals from the root to the upper section of the plant body is known as sap ascent in the xylem tissue of plants. The xylem is a multicellular tissue that contains both living and non-living cells. The conducting cells in the xylem are usually non-living and contain vessel members and tracheids in diverse plant groupings.

 

Although numerous theories for explaining the phenomena have been proposed, the cohesion-tension mechanism[1] has the greatest evidence and support. Despite criticism, such as the apparent occurrence of substantial negative pressures in certain live plants, experimental and observational evidence supports the cohesion-tension process. (J. Joly 1895)  

 

Question 4.

The apoplastic pathway is one of two major water transport channels in plants, with the symplastic route being the other. Water and minerals travel upward via the apoplast to the xylem in the root via apoplastic transport.

 

Question 5. 

The permanent wilting point (PWP) or wilting point (WP) is the lowest quantity of water required by a plant to avoid withering. When the soil water content drops to this level or lower, a plant wilts and can no longer restore its turgidity after 12 hours in a saturated environment.

 

The idea was first proposed in the early 1900s. The wilting coefficient was developed by Lyman Briggs and Homer LeRoy Shantz (1912), and it is defined as the percentage water content of a soil when plants growing in that soil are first reduced to a wilted state from which they cannot recover in an essentially saturated environment without the addition of water to the soil.

 

Question 6.

To maximize crop output, all farms should understand the term "soil water holding capacity." Simply put, the quantity of water that a specific soil can store for crop use is known as the soil water holding capacity. The maximum capacity of soil water holding capacity for the entire field is known as field capacity.

 

The greater the surface area of the soil, the simpler it is for it to store water, resulting in a higher water retention capacity. Sand, on the other hand, has a big particle size, resulting in a reduced surface area. Sand has a limited water retention capacity.

 

The soil water retention capacity will rise if the farm raises the proportion of organic matter in the soil. SOM is decomposed organic matter that came from a live creature. Plant or animal matter can be added to boost SOM.

 

Question 7.

Plasmolysis is the loss of water by cells in a hypertonic solution resulting in a reduced external osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell.

 

Plasmolysis occurs when a plant cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution and loses water and hence turgor pressure: pressure drops to the point where the cell's protoplasm peels away from the cell wall, creating gaps between the cell wall and the membrane and causing the plant cell to shrink and crumble.

 

It is feasible to detect the tonicity of the cell's surroundings as well as the pace at which solute molecules penetrate the cellular membrane by observing plasmolysis.

 

Question 8. 

Turgor pressure is the force that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall within the cell. 1st

It's also known as hydrostatic pressure, and it's defined as the pressure exerted by a fluid at a certain place inside itself when it's in equilibrium.

 

Turgor pressure is a phenomenon that happens in plants, fungus, and bacteria and is induced by the osmotic movement of water. Protists with cell walls have also been shown to exhibit this behavior.

 

Osmosis regulates turgor pressure within cells, which causes the cell wall to expand during growth. Turgor pressure, in addition to cell size, causes cell stiffness; a lower pressure results in a wilted cell or plant structure (i.e. leaf, stalk). The semipermeable membrane in plants regulates turgor pressure by allowing only certain solutes to enter and exit the cell while simultaneously maintaining a minimal level of pressure.

 

Other processes include transpiration, which causes water loss and a reduction in cell turgidity. Turgor pressure affects nutrient delivery throughout the plant as well. Throughout the anatomy of an organism, different cells might have different turgor pressures. Turgor pressure is responsible for the apical development of items like root tips and pollen tubes in higher plants. (Jeremy 2001).

 

Question 9.

Tonicity refers to an extracellular solution's capacity to cause water to migrate into or out of a cell via osmosis. Tonicity differs from osmolarity in that it considers both relative solute concentrations and the permeability of the cell membrane to those solutes.

 

When a cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution, water escapes, and the cell shrinks. There is no net water flow in an isotonic environment, hence the cell size does not vary. Water will enter a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic environment, causing it to swell.

 

Tonicity is an issue for all living creatures, but especially for those without stiff cell walls who dwell in hypertonic or hypotonic settings.

 

It is critical for the plant's health to maintain this balance of water and solutes. If a plant isn't watered, the extracellular fluid becomes isotonic or hypertonic, forcing water to escape from the cells. This causes a drop in turgor pressure, which you've probably seen as wilting. Plasmolysis occurs when the cell membrane detaches from the cell wall and constricts the cytoplasm under hypertonic circumstances.

 

Question 10.

Osmosis.  Osmosis is the process of water diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane. Only some particles, such as water, pass through, whereas solutes such as salt and other pollutants are left behind.

References

1.  "Khan Academy". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2017-04-27.

2.  Henry H. Dixon and J. Joly (1895) "On the Ascent of Sap", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, 186: 563-576.

3.   Romero, Fernando M.; Rossi, Franco R.; Gárriz, Andrés; Carrasco, Pedro; Ruíz, Oscar A. (2018-08-29). "A Bacterial Endophyte from Apoplast Fluids Protects Canola Plants from Different Phytopathogens via Antibiosis and Induction of Host Resistance". Phytopathology. 109 (3): 375-383. 

4. Weil, Ray R.; Brady, Nyle C. (2016). The Nature and Properties of Soils (15th ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Pearson. p. 221.

5. Lang, Ingeborg; Sassmann, Stefan; Schmidt, Brigitte; Komis, George (2014). "Plasmolysis: Loss of Turgor and Beyond". Plants (Basel, Switzerland). 3 (4): 583-93.

6.  Bai, S., Kubelka, J., & Piri, M. (2020). Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surfactant-Induced Wettability Alteration in Crevices of Calcite Nanopores. Energy & Fuels, 34(3), 3135-3143.