1) Explain the concepts of nondisjunction and aneuploidy. what are they, when do they occur, and what can be the impact?

2) The cells that start mitosis and meiosis are "parent" cells and the resulting cells are "daughter" cells. How do the genetics of the daughter cells compare to the genetics of the parent cells for both mitosis and meiosis?

3) Explain the phrase homologous pairs align independently. what is it referring to and what are the impacts of this alignment to the genetics of resulting daughter cells?

4) what is crossing over? when in Meiosis-I does it occur? why does it not occur in Meiosis-II? how does this relate to tetrads? what is the potential benefit of crossing over?

5) Explain 3 things that occur during processing of mRNA, and the benefit for doing each.

6) what does it mean to say that RNA polymerase is a directional enzyme? what are the direction rules?

7) How does interphase differ from interkinesis?

Question:

1)  Explain the concepts of nondisjunction and aneuploidy. What are they, when do they occur, and what can be the impact?

Answer;

Non disjunction is a condition in which linked homologs or chromatids fail to separate during the anaphase of mitosis or meiosis resulting to aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is a condition in which a cell has abnormal number of chromosomes.

2)  The cells that start mitosis and meiosis are "parent" cells and the resulting cells are "daughter" cells. How do the genetics of the daughter cells compare to the genetics of the parent cells for both mitosis and meiosis?

Answer;

In mitosis, two identical daughter cells are created and each contains same number of chromosomes as their parent cell. While on the other hand, meiosis result to four daughters with half number of chromosomes as parent cell.

3)  Explain the phrase homologous pairs align independently. What is it referring to and what are the impacts of this alignment to the genetics of resulting daughter cells?

Answer;

The phrase homologous pairs align independently means that during metaphase homologous chromosomes act independently from one another during alignment which results to daughter cells with unique chromosome combination.

4)  What is crossing over? When in Meiosis-I does it occur? Why does it not occur in Meiosis-II? How does this relate to tetrads? What is the potential benefit of crossing over?

Answer;

Crossing over occurs in prophase I in meiosis I and does not occur in Meiosis-II because homologous chromosomes have moved to another cell leaving sister chromatids. Crossing over cannot happen before tetrads occurs. Tetrads occurs in the first phase of meiosis.Crossing over is important as it result to genetic variation.

5)  Explain 3 things that occur during processing of mRNA, and the benefit for doing each.

Answer;

During processing of mRNA the following three things happen; one, Capping at the 5' end which involves adding a 7-methyl guanosine to 5' end of the mRNA. It is important as it position the mRNA correctly onto the ribosome during protein sysnthesis.Two, Addition of a polyA tail at the 3' end which increases efficiency in translation of the mRNA. Three, splicing which removes introns and reconnect exons. Splicing is important as it is a source of protein diversity.

6)  What does it mean to say that RNA polymerase is a directional enzyme? what are the direction rules?

Answer;

It means transcription genes moves along moves along the template strand in a 3'-5' direction and must be antiparallel to the template strand.

7)  How does interphase differ from interkinesis?

Answer;

Interphase occurs before meiosis a and mitosis in which DNA replication occurs while interkinesis occurs between telophase I and prophase II and it is this period that the cells rest before entering meiosis.