question archive 1) When presented with a claim unsupported by reasons (for example, "the health risks of vaping have been underestimated"), what three options does a critical thinker have to evaluate such a claim? 2
1) When presented with a claim unsupported by reasons (for example, "the health risks of vaping have been underestimated"), what three options does a critical thinker have to evaluate such a claim? 2
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1) When presented with a claim unsupported by reasons (for example, "the health risks of vaping have been underestimated"), what three options does a critical thinker have to evaluate such a claim?
2. In an argument with two or more independent reasons, if one of those reasons turns out to be false, how does a critical thinker apply the test of logical strength to the argument? Should the critical thinker reject such an argument? Explain your answer.
3. Erwin is charged with statutory rape, which is defined as a having sex with a minor, a person under the age of 18. Erwin argues: "You can't arrest me just because she's 17 and I'm 21. Yes, we had sex, but it was consensual, plus she will be 18 in two weeks, and we are planning to get married." Which of the four tests of worthiness does Erwin's argument fail? Explain your answer.
4. Janet says: "Daria is not a person of color, so I see no reason why we should listen to her on the issue of minority race relations. Jose is Hispanic; he's the one we should listen to." As a critical thinker, can you describe, the flaw in Janet's claim? Once you have completed your description in your own, state which of the tests of worthiness and reasonableness Janet's argument fails and which fallacy she commits.
5. What four conditions must an argument meet if we are to accept the worthiness and reasonableness of its conclusions?
6. Is the following statement true or untrue? Explain your answer. "If we do not believe that a claim is true, then we must believe that the claim is false."
7. Is the following statement true or untrue? Explain your answer. "If a claim cannot be confirmed by an independent investigation, then it must be false."
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Answer:
- Use of evidence, criterion for the claim, and the credibility of the source of the claim.
- A critical thinker should reject the argument because it is unsound. The critical thinker can apply the test of logical strength to the argument is to find out the probability of the truthfulness of the conclusion given that one of the premises is false.
- Test of Truthfulness of the premises - whether the reasons given are true in each of the premises given.
- The argument is fallacious. It commits the fallacy of circumstantial ad hominem, which occurs when someone attacks a claim by appealing to the person's situation or circumstance. The argument also fails the test of relevance, that is, the truth of the claim depends on the truth of the reason.
- Test of truthfulness of the premises, test of logical strength, test of relevance, and test of non-circularity.
- True. A claim should fulfil the condition of replicability to confrmed. Replicability involve the consistentcy of in obtaining the same result of a claim when repeated under the similar conditions.
- Untrue. Believe alone is not a sufficient condition for a claim to be true. The claim must also be justifiable to be true
