question archive A psychologist tests the hypothesis that early toilet training leads to personality of excessive compulsiveness about cleanliness, and, conversely, that late toilet training leads to sloppiness
A psychologist tests the hypothesis that early toilet training leads to personality of excessive compulsiveness about cleanliness, and, conversely, that late toilet training leads to sloppiness
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A psychologist tests the hypothesis that early toilet training leads to personality of excessive compulsiveness about cleanliness, and, conversely, that late toilet training leads to sloppiness. Previous studies have shown that middle-class children receive their toilet training earlier than do lower-class children so that one group is formed of middle-class children and another of lower-class children. Both groups are provided with a finger painting task. Such data are recorded as the extent to which children smear their hands and arms with paints, whether they clean up after the session, and how many times they wash the paints from their hands. Comparisons of the two groups on these criteria indicate that the middle-class children are reliably more concerned about cleanliness than are those of the lower-class. It is thus concluded that early toilet training leads to compulsive cleanliness, whereas later toilet training results in less concern about personal cleanliness.
1. What is the problem in this study?
2. What is the research hypothesis?
3. Identify the IV and DV.
4. What are the operational definitions for the IV and DV?
5. Give 2 extraneous variables and recommend specific ways of controlling them each.
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- The main problem in this study is that it does not consist of a randomization process that is necessary for a true experimental design. No participant has been randomly assigned to the two groups. It also does not talk about how many the participants are in one and second group. Second, the assumption that children from middle socioeconomic backgrounds have early toilet training or children from low socioeconomic backgrounds have late toilet training is not based on empirical evidence. It is just an assumption and variables are operationalized based on it. Any kind of toilet training is possible in any kind of socioeconomic backboard, culture, or geography.
- Research hypothesis: Early toilet training tend to synthesize compulsiveness later in life while late toilet training tends to synthesize sloppiness.
- There are two Independent Variables (IVs). One is primary IV that is socioeconomic status (low and middle) and another is secondary IV that is toilet training (early and late). The Dependent Variable (DV) is the behavior (sloppiness and compulsiveness).
- Operational definition: Children from low socioeconomic background tend to have late toilet training that make them messy and sloppy in their personality later in life. Whereas, children from middle socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have early toilet training that makes them excessively compulsive. It means socioeconomic status (first IV) is affecting the toilet training (second IV) that in turn, is affecting the personality of children (DV).
- The two extraneous variables could be - 1) parenting style and 2) intelligence of children. The parenting style may also have an effect on the children's behavior of being excessively sloppy or compulsive for cleanliness. Therefore, it can be controlled by selecting children from having a similar parenting style. The intelligence of children may also affect their behavior of being overly compulsive or messy. Hence, it should also be controlled. For this, the researcher can select all the children with the same/similar IQ level.
