1- According to the frustration-aggression theory, frustration-the perception that we are being prevented from reaching a goal-does not always lead to aggression. What factors increase the odds that frustrated people will aggress?

 

 

2- Describe what is meant by the terms: benevolent sexism and hostile sexism. Then, give an example of each of these. Explain the prejudice and discrimination that can occur because of these stereotypes. I need the website where you found this info to help me in study.

 

3- What are two (or more) lineup strategies that the legal system can make so that mistaken eyewitness identification is less likely?

The answers below discussed about the frustration aggression theory, benevolent and hostile sexism, also the legal systems line up so that mistaken eyewitness identification is less likely to happen

Step-by-step explanation

1. What factors increase the odds that frustrated people will aggress?

Factors That Can Influence Aggression

A number of different factors can influence the expression of aggression, including:

• Biological Factors: Men are more likely than women to engage in physical aggression. While researchers have found that women are less likely to engage in physical aggression, they also suggest that women do use non-physical forms, such as verbal aggression, relational aggression, and social rejection.
• Environmental Factors: How you were raised may play a role. People who grow up witnessing more forms of aggression are more likely to believe that such violence and hostility are socially acceptable. Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that observation can also play a role in how aggression is learned. Children who watched a video clip where an adult model behaved aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate those actions when given the opportunity.
• Physical Factors: Epilepsy, dementia, psychosis, alcohol abuse, drug use, and brain injuries or abnormalities can also influence aggression.

Factors That Lead to AggressionByKendra Cherry

article link: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-aggression-2794818

2- Describe what is meant by the terms: benevolent sexism and hostile sexism. Then, give an example of each of these. Explain the prejudice and discrimination that can occur because of these stereotypes. 

Benevolent Sexism 

Benevolent sexism is best thought of as a set of attitudes toward or beliefs about women that categorize them as fair, innocent, caring, pure, and fragile. Rather than being overtly misogynistic, these attitudes are often characterized by a desire to protect and preserve women. In many situations, these attitudes may be casually referred to as chivalry or traditional values. However, despite their seemingly positive characteristics, the attitudes that constitute benevolent sexism are often dangerous and damaging to women's rights and even their safety. 

Hostile Sexism

 Hostile sexism is much more openly misogynistic than benevolent sexism. A hostile sexist is likely to think of women as manipulative, angry, and seeking to control men through seduction. Hostile sexism often views gender equality as an attack on masculinity or traditional values and seeks to suppress movements such as feminism. Hostile sexism often represents a significant danger to women.

example of each of these

Hostile Sexism

Love topless calendars

leave the house works to their wives

believe women who claim to want  equality actually want a special treatment

Benevolent Sexism 

hold doors open for women

call women "love" or "dear"

offer women a jacket if they look cold'

There's a reported experience with sexist discrimination, such as gender bias and sexual harassment, tend to increase during adolescence. The trend may be due both to increased rates of sexist events with age and to increases in the cognitive ability to recognize a sexist event when it occurs. Also, studies suggest that learning about feminism and the women's movement may help increase girls' ability to detect sexist events.

People generally are less likely to recognize modern (vs. old-fashioned) forms of prejudice, because these are more subtle (e.g., denial of discrimination), are framed in a seemingly positive way (e.g., humor, flattery), or are endorsed by members of the disadvantaged group. The prevalence of such less prototypical expressions of bias contributes to the likelihood that the occurrence of discrimination is underestimated, rather than overestimated.

reference: article link

https://www.nyu.edu/classes/jackson/sex.and.gender/Readings/AmbivalentSexism-Sage17.pdf

3- What are two (or more) lineup strategies that the legal system can make so that mistaken eyewitness identification is less likely?

The Innocence Project endorses a range of procedural reforms to improve the accuracy of eyewitness identification. These reforms have been recognized by police, prosecutorial and judicial experience, as well as national justice organizations, including the National Institute of Justice and the American Bar Association. The benefits of these reforms are corroborated by over 30 years of peer-reviewed comprehensive research.

1. The "Double-blind" Procedure/Use of a Blind Administrator: A "double-blind" lineup is one in which neither the administrator nor the eyewitness knows who the suspect is. This prevents the administrator of the lineup from providing inadvertent or intentional verbal or nonverbal cues to influence the eyewitness to pick the suspect.

2. Instructions: "Instructions" are a series of statements issued by the lineup administrator to the eyewitness that deter the eyewitness from feeling compelled to make a selection. They also prevent the eyewitness from looking to the lineup administrator for feedback during the identification procedure. One of the recommended instructions includes the directive that the suspect may or may not be present in the lineup.

3. Composing the Lineup: Suspect photographs should be selected that do not bring unreasonable attention to him. Non-suspect photographs and/or live lineup members (fillers) should be selected so that the suspect does not stand out from among the other fillers. Law enforcement should select fillers using a blended approach that considers the fillers' resemblance to the description provided by the eyewitness and their resemblance to the police suspect. (More detailed recommendations can be provided upon request by the Innocence Project.)

4. Confidence Statements: Immediately following the lineup procedure, the eyewitness should provide a statement, in his own words, that articulates the level of confidence he or she has in the identification made.

5. The Lineup Procedure Should Be Documented: Ideally, the lineup procedure should be electronically recorded. If this is impracticable, an audio or written record should be made.