1) Compare and contrast the following as to their structures and functions: Five main types of blood vessels; Layers of a generalized blood vessel; and Types of arteries 2. Differentiate the three mechanisms of capillary exchange. 3. Choose one subdivision of the systemic circulation. Present a diagram on the route of blood flow. 4. Unlike the cardiovascular system which is a close system, the respiratory system is an open system. Reflect on that statement and present your insights using your prior knowledge and even experiences. 5. Reflect on our current situation today, since COVID-19 is a disease that affects the respiratory and knowing that the respiratory system is in constant exposure to the environment, how can you protect your respiratory system 6. Explain the roles of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system. 7. 1. Compare and contrast Dalton's law and Henry's law. 7. 2. A smoker develops damage to several alveoli that then can no longer function. How does this affect gas exchange? 8. Is breathing voluntary or involuntary?

1 Q:

Five main types of capillaries are

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Veins and

Venioles

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from thd heart to thd different types of organs ..

where as veins carry deoxygenated blood from the different organs to the right side of heart ..that right atrium.

Capillaries are fine network of blood vessels where thd exchange of gases are takes place and metabolites are also transferred here...

Layers of arteries:

3 main layers

Tunica intima: which contains layer of simple squamous epithelium

Tunica media : contains smooth muscles

Tunia adventitia : which contains the connective tissue

types are arteries are Elastic artery and muscular artery

Elastic artery: which contains mainly Elastic connectivd tissue and highly elastic in nature

Muscular artery : mainly contains muscles in the tunica media ...

2 Q:

Three mechanisms are

Diffusion

Transcytosis

Bulk flow

Diffusion: Diffusion through the Capillaries occured is due to the single layer of endothelium which favours for the exchange of gases ..

also fluid and electrolytes exchange takes place

Transcytosis:

Transcytosis is the vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of cell to other side

which also occured through the Capillaries

Bulk flow: bulk flow is a process used by small lipid soluble proteins to cross to the capillary

Passive movements through the pores

Step-by-step explanation

3 Q:

Subdivision of systemic circulation is the

one is Caronary circulation: coronary circulation is the circulation of blood to the heart

with the help of right and left Caronary arteries..

Blood from the Aorta which is the enter into the right and left coronary artery

Right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium and right Ventricles and 1/3rd of base of heart with the help of marginal artery..

left coronary artery which supplies to left atrium and left ventricles and 2/3rd of ventricles...

posterior side of heart is supplied mainly by the posterior Ventricular artery which is a branch of right Caronary artery..

Venous Drainage mainly coronary sinus to the right

atrium..

 

4 Q:

Respiratory system is the open system because which is directly Exposure to environment

The respiratory bronchioles open up into the Alveolar ducts , Alveolar sacs and Alveoli

because there are so many alveoli and alveolar sacs in the lung ,the surface area for gases exchange is very large

but cardiovascular system is the closed system..

 

5 Q:

Respiratory system mainly protected by the covering with the mask

Which protects the entering of dust particles and any other virus into the respiratory tract..

Don't smoke

Avoid exposure to dust particles,chemicals

prevent infections

Minimize exposure to the air pollution

Excercise.

Breath deeply which cause deep inhalation of air and bring the normal amount of air...to the body.

 

6 Q:

Role of mucus and cilia.

mucus is secreted from the respiratory epithelium with the help of goblet cells

which helps to attract duct particles which are inhaled will be trapped and

this mucus keeps respiratory tract to humid nature

which is then discharged from tract ...

Means mucus traps dust and other particles and expale out of the nose..

Cilia: Which clears the duct particles which get enter in the tract means cilia clears ducat particles out of the tract .

 

7 Q:

7 A:

Daltons law: Dalton's law states that at any given time,the percentage of each of these gases in the air we breathe makes its contribution to total atmospheric pressure and this contribution will depend on how much of each gas in the air we breathe..

Henry's law:

The amount of oxygen that dissolves into the blood stream is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in Alveolar air.

The partial pressure of oxygen is greater in Alveolar air than in deoxygenated blood,so oxygen has high tendency to dissolve into deoxygenated blood.

7 B:

Smoking will cause damge to the Alveloli in the lungs

chronic smoke leads to COPD and Asthma

means there is decresed in the lung surfactant which is essential for the maintenance of the Alveloli structure which helps in the gases exchange.

in this is way there is incresed in the surface tension of lungs due to Decresed the surfactant..

difficulty in the gases exchange

no full potential gas exchange..

And which are obstructive disorders ....

???? difficult in exchange due to collapse of the Alveloli and Alveolar sacs...

8 :

Breathing is a complex motor task that needs to be coordinated at all times while eat,speak, exercise and even during sleep.

Breathing muscles are controlled automatically from the brainstem during normal breathing.

means involuntary

but controlled by voluntary from the motor cortex..

Please see the attached file for the complete solution