Identify each of the following according the text book:

1. response bias.
2. instrumentation bias.
3. researcher bias.
4. sampling bias.

 

Sampling Bias:

A key sources of bias in many descriptive studies is sampling bias-any factor that yields a no representative sample of the population being studied.

Instrumentation Bias:

By instrumentation bias , we mean the ways in which particular measurement instrument slant the obtained results in one direction or another. For instance, in our earlier discussion of questionnaires, we mentioned that a researcher must choose certain questions-and by default must omit other questions.

Response Bias:

Whenever we gather data through interviews or questionnaire, we are relying on self-report data: People are telling us what they believe to be true or, perhaps, what they think we want to hear. To the extent that people describe their thoughts , beliefs and experiences inaccurately, response bias is at work.

Researcher Bias:

Finally, We must not overlook the potential effects of researcher’s expectations, values and general belief systems, which can predispose the researchers to study certain variables and not other variables as well as to draw certain conclusions and not other conclusions.