What kinds of economic, security, political, and other challenges do emissions of greenhouse gases pose to the people of the developing world, and who are the biggest offenders?

 

Answer:

Introduction

Energy consumption is by far the biggest source of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, responsible for a whopping 73% worldwide. The energy sector includes transportation, electricity and heat, buildings, manufacturing and construction, fugitive emissions and other fuel combustion.

Emission of greenhouse gases has possess various environmental, economic, political and social challenges. But it is a mechanism and a need for developing countries in path of major growth that is slowly becoming a hurdle. According to a World Bank report, "poor and middle-income countries already account for just over half of total carbon emissions." And this percentage will only rise as developing countries grow. Achieving a global society in which all citizens earn a living wage and climate catastrophe is averted requires breaking the link between economic growth and increasing carbon emissions in developing countries.

Today, most developing countries that decrease their poverty rates also have increased rates of carbon emissions. In East Asia and the Pacific, the number of people living in extreme poverty declined from 1.1 billion to 161 million between 1981 and 2011—an 85% decrease. In this same time period, the amount of carbon dioxide per capita rose from 2.1 tons per capita to 5.9 tons per capita—a 185% increase.

South Asia saw similar changes during this time frame. As the number of people living in extreme poverty decreased by 30%, the amount of carbon dioxide increased by 204%.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people living in poverty increased by 98% in this thirty-year span, while carbon dioxide per capita decreased by 17%. Given the current energy situation, if sub-Saharan Africans are to escape extreme poverty, they will have to increase their carbon use—unless developed countries step in to offer clean alternatives.

Though in Process of Development world has also seen development with reduce carbon emission and energy Consumption.

Economic Challenges

Decrease in Agriculture and Income of Farmers - Developing countries are majorly depended on agriculture. Example - India relies on the monsoon cycle to water crops and maintain its "nearly $370 billion agricultural sector and hundreds of millions of jobs." Yet as the Indian Ocean has warmed, the monsoon cycle has become unreliable, resulting in massive droughts and dying crops.

Pollution and Increasing Temperature hitting Economy and People lives- Cities like New Delhi, Agra, Beijing Kolkata and Lahore are most polluted cities across the globe, scientists expect developing countries such as India to be hit hardest by pollution, rising temperatures and changes in rainfall. It impact the economy and lifestyle of people.

Furthermore, these countries with limited financial resources and weak infrastructure will struggle to adapt and sustain their economic growth in the face of changing climate. Nicholas Stern predicts that a two-degree rise in temperature would cost about 1% of world GDP. But the World Bank estimates that it would cost India 5% of their GDP.

Moreover, changes such as global warming act as "threat multipliers" because they increase the likelihood of other existential threats. In India, increased carbon dioxide emissions have contributed to warmer temperatures, which have triggered extensive droughts and increased poverty. But the problems don't end here. Higher levels of hunger and poverty can magnify political tensions, potentially leading to conflict and even nuclear war. India and Pakistan both have nuclear weapons—if drought expands and cripples their economies, violence can more easily erupt.

Alternatively, wealthy nations could capitalize on investment opportunities in developing countries. In doing so, their own economies will benefit while simultaneously aiding the effort to reach net zero carbon emissions.

Global warming is, by definition, a global crisis. Mitigating this threat will require global cooperation and global solutions.

Social Challenges

The vast majority of developed countries rely on CO2 emitting energy sources for large components of their economic activity. Fossil fuel energy generally dominates the following areas of an OECD economy:

• agriculture (fertilizers, irrigation, plowing, planting, harvesting, pesticides)
• transportation & distribution (automobiles, shipping, airplanes)
• storage (refrigeration, warehousing)
• national defense (armies, tanks, military aircraft, manufacture of munitions)

So, change in protocol impact and the sectors but increasing carbon emission also bring enormous pressure over healthcare system and lifestyle of the region. Shrinking forest cover impact biodiversity loss. Resulting into imbalance in nature.

Political Challenges

• Assistance for Small isolate, island nation - Some developing countries fall under the category of vulnerable to climate change. These countries involve small, sometimes isolated, island nations, low lying nations, nations which rely on drinking water from shrinking glaciers etc. These vulnerable countries see themselves as the victims of climate change and some have organized themselves under groups like the Climate Vulnerable Forum. These countries seek climate finance from the developed and the industrializing countries to help them adapt to the impending catastrophes that they see climate change will bring upon them. For these countries climate change is seen as an existential threat and the politics of these countries is to seek reparation and adaptation monies from the developed world and some see it as their right.
• Loss and damage: first articulated at the 2012 conference and in part based on the agreement that was signed at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun. It introduces the principle that countries vulnerable to the effects of climate change may be financially compensated in future by countries that fail to curb their carbon emissions.
• Suppression of science: The U.S. government has also responded by silencing climate scientists and muzzling government whistleblowers. Political appointees at a number of federal agencies prevented scientists from reporting their findings, changed data modeling to arrive at conclusions they had set out a prior to prove, and shut out the input of career scientists of the agencies.
• Government Targeting of Climate Activists: Domestic intelligence services of the U.S. have targeted environmental activists and climate change organizations as "domestic terrorists," investigating them, questioning them, and placing them on national "watchlists" that could make it more difficult for them to board airplanes and could instigate local law enforcement monitoring.
• Stonewalling international cooperation: The United States has rejected international treaties, such as the Kyoto Protocol of 2005 to reduce production of greenhouse gasses and has said that in 2020 it will withdraw from the Paris Agreement, signed by all UN member countries.

The Biggest Offenders are the Market and rapid Industrialization.

Financial Institutions: Financial institutions generally support policies against global warming, particularly the implementation of carbon trading schemes and the creation of market mechanisms that associate a price with carbon. These new markets would require trading infrastructures which banking institutions are well positioned to provide. Financial institutions would also be positioned well to invest, trade and develop various financial instruments that they could profit from through speculative positions on carbon prices and the use of brokerage and other financial functions like insurance and derivative instruments.

Step-by-step explanation

•  https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/resources/challenges-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-air-pollution-through-energy-sources
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• Vidal, John (3 December 2012). "Climate change compensation emerges as major issue at Doha talks". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
• The Guardian (UK), 17 Sept. 2019 "The Silenced: Meet The Climate Whistleblowers Muzzled by Trump--Six whistleblowers and ex-government scientists describe how the Trump administration made them bury climate science - and why they won't stay quiet"
• Union of Concerned Scientists, "Abuses of Science: Case Studies, Examples of Political Interference with Government Science Documented by The UCS Scientific Integrity Program, 2004-2009"
• National Center for Science Education, "Review: The Republican War on Science, Reports of the National Center for Science Education"
• Climate Science and Policy Watch, "Climate Science Censorship"
• The Nation, 17 Sept. 2019, "Climate Whistle-Blowers Muzzled by Trump: Six Former Government Scientists Describe How the Trump Administration Made Them Bury the Truth about Climate Change—and Why They Won't Stay Quiet"
• The Guardian, 24 Sept. 2019, "Revealed: How the FBI Targeted Environmental Activists in Domestic Terror Investigations: Protesters Were Characterized as a Threat to National Security in What One Calls an Attempt to Criminalize their Actions, Dessai 2001, p. 5