1) Summarize the expectations for use of sources in a college research paper, as you understand them.

2) In what ways are these expectations similar to or different from expectations you have observed in other contexts, such as workplace, personal, or journalistic writing?

publishing industry that is notoriously ill-equipped to root out fraud. A magazine whose famed fact-checking department is geared toward print, not the Web. And a lucrative lecture circuit that rewards snappy, semi-scientific pronouncements, smoothly delivered to a corporate audience.

All contributed to the rise of Jonah Lehrer, the 31-year-old author, speaker and staff writer for The New Yorker, who then executed one of the most bewildering recent journalistic frauds, one that on Monday cost him his prestigious post at the magazine and his status as one of the most promising, visible and well-paid writers in the business.

An article in Tablet magazine revealed that in his best-selling book, "Imagine: How Creativity Works," Mr. Lehrer had fabricated quotes from Bob Dylan, one of the most closely studied musicians alive. Only last month, Mr. Lehrer had publicly apologized for taking some of his previous work from The Wall Street Journal, Wired and other publications and recycling it in blog posts for The New Yorker, acts of recycling that his editor called "a mistake."

By Monday, when the Tablet article was published online, both The New Yorker and Mr. Lehrer's publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, made it clear that they had lost patience with him.

David Remnick, the editor of the magazine who had reluctantly kept Mr. Lehrer on staff after his reuse of his own material was detailed last month, spoke with Mr. Lehrer on Sunday night and accepted his resignation. "This is a terrifically sad situation," Mr. Remnick said in a statement, "but, in the end, what is most important is the integrity of what we publish and what we stand for."

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt said it would recall print copies of "Imagine," an expensive and arduous undertaking that suggested the publisher was taking Mr. Lehrer's sins seriously.

In a statement released through his publisher, Mr. Lehrer apologized.

"The lies are over now," he said. "I understand the gravity of my position. I want to apologize to everyone I have let down, especially my editors and readers."

He added, "I will do my best to correct the record and ensure that my misquotations and mistakes are fixed. I have resigned my position as staff writer at The New Yorker."

Through his literary agent, Andrew Wylie, Mr. Lehrer declined a request for an interview.

Mr. Lehrer, who majored in neuroscience at Columbia, rose to prominence writing about science in the mold of Malcolm Gladwell or David Brooks through his blog on Wired.com, which then moved to The New Yorker, and quickly became a popular paid speaker at conferences.

A spokeswoman for The New Yorker said that in addition to his work online, Mr. Lehrer wrote six articles for the magazine, beginning in July 2008. His last article for the magazine was published in March 2012. He became a staff writer in June 2012.

Mr. Lehrer might have kept his job at The New Yorker if not for the Tablet article, by Michael C. Moynihan, a journalist who is something of an authority on Mr. Dylan.

Reading "Imagine," Mr. Moynihan was stopped by a quote cited by Mr. Lehrer in the first chapter. "It's a hard thing to describe," Mr. Dylan said. "It's just this sense that you got something to say."

After searching for a source, Mr. Moynihan could not verify the authenticity of the quote. Pressed for an explanation, Mr. Lehrer "stonewalled, misled and, eventually, outright lied to me" over several weeks, Mr. Moynihan wrote, first claiming to have been given access by Mr. Dylan's manager to an unreleased interview with the musician. Eventually, Mr. Lehrer confessed that he had made it up.

Mr. Moynihan also wrote that Mr. Lehrer had spliced together Dylan quotes from separate published interviews and, when the quotes were accurate, he took them well out of context. Mr. Dylan's manager, Jeff Rosen, declined to comment.

Mr. Lehrer's publisher quickly moved on Monday to make "Imagine" disappear from the bookstore shelves. All of its retail and wholesale accounts, the publisher said, would be asked to stop selling "Imagine" and return unsold copies for a full refund. On Monday morning, "Imagine" was ranked No. 105 on Amazon's Web site; by afternoon, it had been removed.

Since its release in March, "Imagine" has sold more than 200,000 copies in hardcover and e-book. On The New York Times hardcover nonfiction best-seller list of Aug. 5, "Imagine" held the No. 14 spot.

Todd Gitlin, a professor of journalism and sociology at Columbia, said in an interview that not only had Mr. Lehrer carved out a career in the popular niche of brain science, but he had created a persona that is perfectly suited to a 21st-century media environment.

"Conjure me up a guy who talks science winningly, who shows you that everything is transparent, and does it in a self-help-y spirit," he said. "In our age, a guy who looks cute and wonky is better positioned to get away with this than others."

Question One: When it comes to doing research, it is important to use sources. However, when it comes to college research papers, there are various expectations set in place (as I understand them). One of the expectations from a college research paper, (especially from my own experience), is that when it comes to scholarly articles used, the date of the publication, can be no less than five years old. One of the reasons why this is the case, is because scholarly articles apply heavy research and data, that is based on most recent finding during the time being. As such, sources for scholarly articles, need to be less than five years old, to ensure that the data presented, is as accurate as possible. Moreover, when it comes to college research papers, the research that professors usually ask for, involve using books as sources as well.

One of the reasons why this is often required, for college research papers, is because professors want students to learn how to do research, on a more efficient level. In other words, looking up books through an online catalog and then searching for them in the college library, helps college students to do more physical research. However, when it comes to the expectations of using sources in a college research paper, there is more to it than that. Another reasons why using sources in college research papers requires the use of books, is so that the students, can get first hand accounts, of author experiences as well.

This aids in creating an equilibrium, through statistical research, while also ensuring that one's personal experience on the subject matter, should also correlate as well. However, the first hand account of the author, should also be assessed as well (such as through their work history, credibility, etc). This helps books to play their important part in efficient research. As stated in "Books: Their Role in Research", "Books under consideration for inclusion in a research project should be carefully examined for authorship just as with any other materials being considered. Who is the author? What qualifications does the author possess that places him/her in a position to be an authority on the subject being covered? Has the author written other works, either articles or books, on the same or similar subjects? These are all important questions to ask as a part of the book selection process" (p.1). It is important to assess credibility. As we see from the writing passage above, Mr. Lehrer ended up fabricating quotes of work that he did, and there were consequences to his actions.

Question Two: The expectations discussed are similar, to other expectations that I have observed in different contexts. One of the strongest examples of this, is the workplace. Based on my experience in the workplace, research requires similar aspects, such as ensuring that scholarly sources are not less than five years old, and ensuring doing research, based on first hand accounts. However, this is where the similarities end, as there are differences as well. Within a workplace, there is more a team dynamic set in place, when a research paper is needed.

Now; this is not to say that college research papers can't have teamwork practices implemented into them, but for workplaces, there is more of a team dynamic, since you are dealing with your coworkers 24/7. With that said, team work via research in the workplace, often requires a different way of doing first hand accounts. Based on the type of research that is being carried out, sometimes it will be necessary for a team to do first hand accounts, based on in person interviews, rather than books.

One of the strongest examples of this, is if a team in a workplace, was advertising for a restaurant. They may have to come up with a plan (for the research paper), to interview people locally (such as on the streets), as to what they think about the restaurant of choice. Some questions of choice that would be important to ask, would be their favorite meal, why they like eating at the place, etc. However, asking people what they think could improve the restaurant, would be a good way to challenge them as well. This is how expectations that I have observed in other contexts are different (such as through the workplace in relation to research).

Moreover, this type of research, will help teams to come together and assess the different parts of the research they did, combining it into the whole theme of the research. Lastly, this is also a strong way to do research, when searching for sources otherwise, might be difficult to do. Once again, in the written passage above, we see that there are consequences, if one cannot justify the credibility of their source. We see this when Mr. Lehrer was question about the credibility of a source but was called a liar, when he could not find its origin.

"Books: Their Role in Research". Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=bliss

Step-by-step explanation

I arrived at my answer, through doing a strong analysis of the of the questions and how they relate to the college experience as a whole. Moreover, in order to ensure that I arrived at a strong answer, I ensure that I answered the questions in detail, while ensuring that at the end, they tied into the themes of the written passage below the questions. Let's take a look at how I arrived at my first answer, first and foremost. I arrived at the answer, not just through my knowledge on college research papers, but also the fact that when it comes to college, papers need to written with much more efficiency and credibility. This is not to say that previous levels of education did not require sources, because this is not true at all.

What I am saying though, is that to arrive at the answer for my first questions, I ensured that the I thought on the college level, in relation to the level of credibility one needs to have for their work. This mindset ties into the factors discussed in my answer, such as the fact that college research papers (in relation to scholarly article), need to have sources that are no less than five years old, as well as the fact that efficient research through book catalogs, are a necessity. This is how I arrived at my first answer. Moreover, I then took these aspects for my second answer, assessing the concept of team dynamics in the work, and how this can be used to bring collective mindsets together in research (such as doing in person interviews for restaurant advertising, rather than going through book catalogs). And of course, I made sure to tie in my response, to the written passage under the question. This is how I arrived at my answer,