Below is the upper triangle of a symmetric distance matrix for ospA      sequences from 5 species of Borellia:      A    B

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Below is the upper triangle of a symmetric distance matrix for ospA

     sequences from 5 species of Borellia:

     A    B. valaisiana    CP009119:43854-44678   Asia

     B    B. garnii        X80256        Europe

     C    B. afzelii       U20356        Europe

     D    B. burgdorferi   NC_001857:9457-10278   N.America

     E    B. bissettii     AF230516         N.America

 

           B     C      D     E

     A   0.98  0.94  0.89  0.99

     B          0.19  0.18  0.19

     C                 0.17  0.15

     D                       0.11

   a) Construct a UPGMA Tree for these sequences. Report the tree in newick format. At each step where you combine two nodes and calculate their distance to theremaining nodes, report

          furthest pairwise distance from the new node to any other

          node.(i.e AC - B @ 0.64)

 

       b) In your tree, do North American Borrelia species form a

          monophyletic group.

       

       c) Propose an evolutionary history which would explain the tree

          you observe.