1) A patient, Mrs

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1) A patient, Mrs. M, has just completed diagnostic testing for persistent headaches that she has been experiencing. MRI results show a tumor in her brain, on or near her pituitary gland.

a.     (5 points) Please discuss why this is a concern, regardless of if it is benign or malignant. (Include in your answer the differences between benign and malignant).

b.     (6 points) The patient has the tumor surgically removed and begins experiencing the following symptoms: urine volume of 8 L/day, and urine specific gravity is 1.02. Please describe what type of hormonal alteration she is exhibiting and link this to the probable cause.

2.     (11 points) Susie was diagnosed with hydrocephalus at birth after head circumference measurements determined that she had increased head size. A cranial ultrasound showed both ventricles enlarged. Susie's mother had a history of poor prenatal care and doctors determined that the hydrocephalus was most likely present in utero as well. At the age of 1, Susie was diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Please describe hydrocephalus and its link to the development of cerebral palsy in the pathophysiological terms.

3.     (11 points) Victoria develops hematuria and proteinuria and oliguria with peripheral edema approximately 24 hours after an upper respiratory infection. She asks you whether she needs to go to a clinic. What would you advise and why?

4.     (11 points) Ms. F, 48 years old, has been admitted to the hospital with severe abdominal pain. Earlier that day she had generalized abdominal pain followed by a severe pain in the lower right quadrant of her abdomen accompanied by nausea and vomiting. That evening she was feeling slightly improved and the pain seemed to subside somewhat. Later that night, severe steady abdominal pain developed with vomiting. A fried took her to the hospital where examination demonstrated right lower quadrant tenderness and mild abdominal rigidity. Fever and leukocytosis (high WBC) indicated infection. A diagnosis of acute appendicitis, with possible perforation was indicated with immediate surgery.

a.     (6 points) Using pathophysiology describe the reason for:

                                                   i.    The pain subsiding, then recurring

                                                  ii.    Leukocytosis and fever

                                                 iii.    Abdominal rigidity

b.     (5 points) Discuss the complications that may arise from rupturing of the appendix.

5.     (5 points) Discuss why patients with pulmonary disease are prone to atrial dysrhythmias.

6.     (6 points) Based on your knowledge of clinical disorders, identify different clinical conditions that could cause problems with the following steps in gas exchange:

a.     Ventilation

b.     Diffusion

c.     Perfusion (transportation)