Based on the averages of these components, which of the following choices would cause the greatest increase in GFR? Show your work.

 

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The glomerular filtration rate( GFR), is a measure of how well your kidneys are cleaning your blood , taking out waste and extra water. An estimated GFR test (eGFR) can tells doctor how well your kidneys are functioning.

The test gets its name from the parts of your kidney that filter waste out called glomeruli.

A GFR of 60 or higher is in the normal range. A GFR below 60 may mean kidney disease. A GFR of 15 or lower may mean kidney failure.

GFR tells the doctor stages of kidney disease and helps to plan the treatment. If GFR number is low, the kidneys are not working as well as they should. The earlier kidney disease is detected, the better the  chance of slowing or stopping its progression or metastasis.

Water

Water ingestion can acutely affect GFR, although not necessarily in the direction one might expect.

This means water as a component can affect rate of GFR for short period of time and may necessarily not have negative impact.

Using 12 young, healthy individuals as their own controls, a study by Anastasio et al. found increased water intake actually decreases GFR.

Coffee

It  is an acceptable beverage for kidney disease. If consumed in moderation it poses little risk for those with kidney disease. Additives to coffee such as milk and many creamers increase the potassium and phosphorus content of the coffee. Thus coffee is found to increase the level of GFR in the kidney.

Hypertension

Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure will increase GFR. Constriction in the afferent arterioles going into the glomerulus and dilation of the efferent arterioles coming out of the glomerulus will decrease GFR. Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule will work to decrease GFR.

Antidiuretic Hormone

ADH is antidiuretic hormone which prevents diuresis but it also causes constriction of blood vessels thus increasing the GFR.

Atrial natriuretic peptide

 is a hormone that can increase the glomerular filtration rate. This hormone is produced in your heart and is secreted when your plasma volume increases, which increases urine production.

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - The total amount of plasma filtrate formed by all the nephrons of the kidneys per minute; it is determined physiologically by three factors:

1.the total surface area available for filtration

2.the permeability of the filtration membrane

3.the net filtration pressure