1) Define a local computer network?

2- What is the difference between a network node and a network host? Give an example of each

3- What is the use of a computer modem?

4- Define a Public IP address?

5- State an example where you would need a static Local IP address?

6- It is said that ISP's are hierarchical. What does that mean?

7- State an example where you would need a static Public IP address?

8- What does DNS stand for and what does it do?

9- Define the TCP/IP  protocole and Briefly describe how it works?

10- How can you find out the public IP address of Amazon.com?

11- What is the major international incident that led to the creation of ARPA

 

#1

A local computer network, also called a Local Area Network (LAN), is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited area such as school, laboratory, home, and office building. It is a widely useful network for sharing resources like files, printers, games, and other application. The simplest type of LAN network is to connect computers and a printer in someone's home or office. In general, LAN will be used as one type of transmission medium.

 

#2

A network node is any device participating in a network. A host is a node that participates in user applications, either as a server, client, or both.

 

Any system or device connected to a network is also called a node. For example, if a network connects a file server, five computers, and two printers, there are eight nodes on the network.

 

Examples of a network host, on the other hand,  include servers, workstations, network-interface print devices, and routers.

 

#3

A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission, and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded reliably to reproduce the original digital data.

 

#4

A public IP address is an IP address that is used to access the Internet. Public (global) IP addresses are routed on the Internet, unlike private addresses.

 

The public IP address is the Internet Protocol address, logged by various servers/devices. This is when you connect to these devices through your internet connection. This is the same IP address that we show on our homepage. Like a postal address used to deliver a postal mail to your home, a public Internet Protocol address is the globally unique Internet Protocol address assigned to a computing device. A web server, email server and any server device directly accessible from the Internet are candidate for a public Internet Protocol address. A public Internet Protocol address is globally unique, and only assigned to a unique device.

 

#5

Sometimes the only way to resolve network problems in Windows Systems is to assign a static local IP address. Your network equipment (such as a network interface card or wireless adapter) is supposed to communicate with each other to determine which one is in charge of setting the IP address, but if more than one piece of equipment wants to assign the address, chaos can ensue.

 

Static local IP addresses are ones you dole out by assign manually. Every time you reboot a PC with a static local IP address, it comes back with the same static local IP address, as opposed to dynamic local IP addresses, which are automatically assigned by a box called a DHCP server inside your network equipment each time your computer reboots.

 

#6

 

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company which provides internet connection to end user, but there are basically three levels of ISP. There are 3 levels of Internet Service Provider (ISP): Tier-1 ISP, Tier-2 ISP, and Tier-3 ISP. 

 

Tier-1 ISP: 

These ISPs are at the top of the hierarchy and they have a global reach they do not pay for any internet traffic through their network instead lower-tier ISPs have to pay a cost for passing their traffic from one geolocation to another which is not under the reach of that ISPs.

 

Tier-2 ISP: 

These ISPs are service provider who connect between tier 1 and tier 3 ISPs. They have regional or country reach and they behave just like Tier-1 ISP for Tier-3 ISPs. 

 

Tier-3 ISP: 

These ISPs are closest to the end users and helps them to connect to the internet by charging some money. These ISPs work on purchasing model. These ISPs have to pay some cost to Tier-2 ISPs based on traffic generated. 

 

#7

There are numerous advantages to using a static public IP address. Among these benefits are:

• Better DNS support: Static IP addresses are much easier to set up and manage with DNS servers.
• Server hosting: If you are hosting a web server, email server, or any other kind of server, having a static IP address makes it easier for customers to find you via DNS. Practically speaking that means it's quicker for clients to get to your websites and services if they have a static IP address.
• Convenient remote access: A static IP address makes it easier to work remotely using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) or other remote access programs.

 

#8

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.

 

Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which other machines use to find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or more complex newer alphanumeric IP addresses such as 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).

 

#9

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a set of standardized rules that allow computers to communicate on a network such as the internet.

 

TCP vs IP

IP is the part that obtains the address to which data is sent. TCP is responsible for data delivery once that IP address has been found.

 

How TCP/IP Works

TCP/IP was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to specify how computers transfer data from one device to another. TCP/IP puts a lot of emphasis on accuracy, and it has several steps to ensure that data is correctly transmitted between the two computers.

 

Here's one way it does that. If the system were to send the whole message in one piece, and if it were to encounter a problem, the whole message would have to be re-sent. Instead, TCP/IP breaks each message into packets, and those packets are then reassembled on the other end. In fact, each packet could take a different route to the other computer, if the first route is unavailable or congested.

 

#10

You can find the IP address of any website by going to a command prompt and typing:

ping whateverwebsite.com

 

In this case, we can type

ping amazon.com

 

#11

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union (USSR) launched the first satellite ever, triggering events that led to the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) on February 7, 1958. The US was shocked by the achievements if the USSR and ARPA was the result of USA striving to keep that technological superiority their hands.