An instrument that will come into contact with only the skin of a patient should be disinfected with what level of germicide? Describes flash pasteurization? What are the components of an autoclave? Which of the following types of radiation is nonionizing and has the shortest wavelength? Ultraviolet light, infrared radiation, microwaves, X rays, gamma rays Which of the following is used for microbial control in fresh fruits and vegetables? Ultraviolet light, infrared radiation, microwaves, X rays, gamma rays Lysol is an example of which chemical antimicrobial agent? Alcohols are effective against all of the following EXCEPT: Viruses, bacteria, bacterial endospores, fungal spores, Betadine is an example of what? What are quats? Which compound is used to prevent the transmission of gonorrhea from an infected mother to her newborn? Which of the following is used to sterilize items that should not, or cannot, be exposed to heat or water? Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, calcium hypochlorite, trichlosan Characterize aldehydes and iodophores A chemical agent that kills pathogenic microbes in general is a(n)

1. High level Germicide/Disinfection

There are three levels of disinfection:

A. high, intermediate, and low. The high-level disinfection (HLD) process kills all vegetative microorganisms, mycobacteria, lipid and nonlipid viruses, fungal spores, and some bacterial spores.

B. Intermediate-level disinfection kills mycobacteria, most viruses and bacteria, and is registered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a "tuberculocide."

C. Low-level disinfection kills some viruses and bacteria.

2. FLASH PASTEURIZATION- Flash Pasteurization is a form of High Temperature, Short Time (HTST) pasteurization. Liquid is brought to a higher temperature than Hot Filling for a shorter amount of time (usually 15-30 seconds), then rapidly cooled before being filled into the aseptic packaging.

Advantages

• Maintaining color and flavor better than other HTST methods.
• Effective for milk products, kegged beer, and juice/puree based products

3. Components of Autoclave

A. Pressure Chamber- is the main component of a steam autoclave consisting of an inner chamber and an outer jacket.

B. Lid/Door- The purpose of the lid is to seal off the outside the atmosphere and create a sterilized condition on ht inside of the autoclave

C. The pressure gauge is essential as it assures the safety of the autoclave and the working condition of the operation.

D. Pressure releasing unit/ Whistle- The whistle controls the pressure inside the chamber by releasing a certain amount of vapor by lifting itself.

E. Safety valve- is present on the lid of autoclave, which is crucial in cases where the autoclave fails to perform its action or the pressure inside increases uncontrollably.

F. electrical steam generator or boiler is present underneath the chamber that uses an electric heating system to heat the water and generate steam in the inner and the outer chamber.

G. Wastewater cooler

Many autoclaves are provided with a system to cool the effluent before it enters the draining pipes.

4. Ans. Infrared Radiation

Gamma rays, X-rays, and the higher ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum are ionizing, whereas the lower ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum and all the spectrum below UV, including visible light, nearly all types of laser light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are considered non-ionizing .

5. Ans. Ultraviolet light- use for microbialcontrol of fruits and vegetables

6. Ans. Phenolics. Lysol is an example of Phenolics Phenolics are eliminators of free radicals and metal chelators. They can inhibit the lipid peroxidation and exhibit various physiological activities as antioxidants. In addition, plant phenolics and extracts rich in such substances can be excellent inhibitors of many foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria

7. Ans. except bacterial endospores

(Alcohols are not recommended for sterilizing medical and surgical materials principally because they lack sporicidal action and they cannot penetrate protein-rich materials. Fatal postoperative wound infections with Clostridium have occurred when alcohols were used to sterilize surgical instruments contaminated with bacterial spores)

8. Ans. betadine is an example of Iodophors- solutions that contain iodine and a solubilizing agent. 

9. Quats (quaternary ammonium compounds) are potent disinfectant chemicals commonly found in disinfectant wipes, sprays and other household cleaners that are designed to kill germs. It is often the stuff that allows a product to claim to be antibacterial, as they are certified by the EPA as pesticides.

10. Antibiotic like Penicillin or ceftriaxone

11. Ethylene oxide is most commonly used in combinadion with carbon dioxide. However hydrogen peroxide can also be used

12. Aldehydes-  Aldehydes have a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They act by alkylating groups in proteins and other important cellular molecules.

The aldehydes used are highly toxic and a long contact time is required to kill microorganisms. However, they do not damage rubber or plastic, making them useful for sterilising devices such as catheters.

Iodophors- combinations of iodine with surface-active agents such as nonionic detergents - are non-staining and non-irritant, and are effective as antiseptics and as surface disinfectants. They have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including activity against acid-fast bacteria and hydrophilic viruses.

13. Disinfectant