1) A summary broadcasting and multicasting

2) a short summary of converting IP multicast Address to 802 MAC/Ethernet Address.

3) summary of sending broadcast datagrams, sending multicast datagram, receiving multicast datagram and host address filtering.

4) brief explanation of the internet group management protocols (IGMP) and Multicast listener Discovery protocols.

5) explain in short IGMP and MLD processing group members.

6) summarize IGMP and MLD processing by multicast routers.

 

1) A summary of broadcasting and multicasting

Broadcasting is sending a packet to any or all hosts on a network (usually a locally attached network) which the info sent from a number to other hosts within a given network must make use of all of their resources to process the information. It is also limited to one network. Four types of broadcast addresses are: limited (normally seen only when a system is bootstrapping), net-directed, subnet-directed(most common), and all-subnets-directed. However, multicasting is sending a packet to a collection of hosts on a network. The hosts that don't belong to a multicast group and don't must utilize their resources for multicast data. Besides, it is unbounded to one network that means that it may authorize the use globally. Hosts on remote networks can receive IP multicast datagrams if they belong to a selected host group, in which multicast routers are forwarding the traffic.

When trying to broadcast through routers, issues occur often. Considering the router may not know the subnet mask of the destination network. The results rely on various components of the following: type of broadcast address, configuration parameters, etc. Understanding of the distinct sorts of filtering that happen when a received frame passes up a protocol stack is that the concept of broadcasting and multicasting. Thus, each layer can discard a received packet for the various causes.

2) A short summary of converting IP multicast Address to 802 MAC/Ethernet Address.

To convert an IP multicast Address to 802 MAC/Ethernet Address, we have to:

1. Place the low-order 23 bits of the IP multicast address into the low-order 23 bits of the special Ethernet multicast address---- by converting the IP address into binary to easily recognize the mapping of the 23 bits to the MAC address of the computer.
2. After that, the MAC Address has been defined by the IEEE group then we convert it from binary to hex.