1) As male participants walked alone or in groups along a path to a parking lot, Harari, Harari, and White (1995) simulated a rape. A male confederate grabbed a screaming female confederate, put his hand over her mouth, and dragged her into the bushes. Observers recorded the number of participants who offered help. (Before participants could actually intervene, a researcher stopped them and told them that the "rape" was part of a study.)

- What ethical concerns arise in this study?

- How could you remedy these ethical concerns?

- How would your remedy affect the study's validity?

2. Schlenker, Forsyth, Leary, and Miller (1980) asked participants to make a videotaped speech on a topic with which they personally disagreed (not wearing seat-belts in cars) that would later be shown to children in a study of attitude change. After participant were paid for their help, they found out that observers questioned their morality, saying that the participant had been "bribed" to make the anti-seat-belt speech.

- What ethical concerns arise in this study?

- How could you remedy these ethical concerns?

- How would your remedy affect the study's validity?

3. Weiss (1971) was interested in the effects of controllability on responses to stress. Three rats, two of which received electric shocks, were run together. One rat in each group could avoid or escape shock by making a response, one rat in each group received shocks like the first rat but could not avoid or escape them, and the third rat was not shocked. Immediately after the experimental session, the rats were killed and dissected to look for effects of controllable vs. uncontrollable stress on ulcers.

- What ethical concerns arise in this study?

- How could you remedy these ethical concerns?

- How would your remedy affect the study's validity?

4. To study the effects of an unpleasant and demeaning social experience, Farina, Wheeler, and Mehta (1991) sent unsuspecting participants to a faculty member's office rather than to a research lab. When the participant arrived, a male professor in the office expressed anger and annoyance, criticized the participant for mistakenly reporting to the wrong room, and harshly directed the participant to the "correct" laboratory.

- What ethical concerns arise in this study?

- How could you remedy these ethical concerns?

- How would your remedy affect the study's validity?

5. In his classic study of factors that affect people's willingness obey authority figures, Milgram (1963) led participants to believe they were administering painful shocks to another participant (the other "participant" was actually a confederate who received no shocks). Participants were told to deliver an electric shock of increasing intensity each time the learner made a mistake. In some conditions, the "learner" screamed, pounded on the wall, then later fell silent. If the participant tried to stop delivering shocks, the experimenter told him that "the experiment must continue."

- What ethical concerns arise in this study?

- How could you remedy these ethical concerns?

- How would your remedy affect the study's validity?

Please keep in mind these principles:

Principle A Beneficence and Non-maleficence - strive to benefit, take care and do no harm. When conflicts arises Psychologists they attempts to resolve it in a responsible way 

Principle B Fidelity and Responsibility - establish relationships of trust 

Principle C Integrity - accurate, honest, and truthful in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology

Principle D Justice - equality for all to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology

Principle E Respect for People's Rights and Dignity - respect to people's rights and dignity specially privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination

1.

Ethical Concerns

The general principles that are affected are Principle A(harm), B(break of trust) and E (dismissal of human rights). Section 3 of APA Human Relation 3.02 Sexual Harassment with physical advances, offensive and abuse to reasonable people. This ethical guidelines were violated. Additionally, if you they are using Section 8 (8.07) deception in research they should not deceive prospective participants that causes emotional distress. It is not right to say that the are conducting a rape research when in the first place experiments on rape is clearly unethical and devalues human being. 

Remedy these ethical concerns

One can use lab experiment instead of field experiment for this. For example, the client is given a vignette or written story or drawn video of having to encounter a the same situation what would they do? They will then answer a scale or assessment for bystander effect if they are likely to take action to these things or avoid. There are several social psychology research but it does not need to be inhumane.

Validity

Validity in a laboratory experiment is better because there are less extraneous variables or effects. Additionally, scales are standardized so it would follow the norm.

2.Ethical Concerns

Principle A caring and doing no harm is compromised. The video will be shown to children which is all the more dangerous. Principle B trust should be maintained and not threaten the participants nor bribed. Principle C is also compromised because their data is not truthful to science and harmed both participant and viewers and Principle E which is right to self-determination is being compromised because they are trying to change the opinion of the participant. APA Section 5 Advertisement (5.01) False and Deceptive Statements that put the participants in harm and are fraudulent are violation to the ethical guidelines.

Remedy these ethical concerns

It is the responsibility of researchers to give out valid information and true to science. if they want to do an advertisement that talks about the anti-seatbelt use they could instead ask the help and consent of families of those who died from not using seatbelt or survivors of accident from not using seatbelt and target emotional feelings of the value of using seatbelt instead of faking an advertisement

Validity

This is not a study so really connected to validity but more like a semi-case study or interview valid from the experiences of either survivors of accident from not using seatbelt or family interview from loosing a loved one.

3.Ethical Concerns

In the new era of Psychology, animals are not anymore allowed to be used for experiments not unless there's a sufficient reason to use one. Principle A is compromised because they harmed animals and Section 8 Research 8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research animals must be taken care of in lab and make sure that they do not feel any pain specially be killed not unless they are affected in the experiment and living longer will only cause more harm to them.

Remedy these ethical concerns

There was no connection between the electrical shock and ulcer. If they really want to find out controllable and uncontrollable stress on ulcers they could have used placebo effect of placebo pills and see the difference of stress between human participants condition A and condition B. Additionally, they could have used scales or cooperate with people from medical field to do xray or check vitals with the effects of stress controllable and uncontrollable from ulcers, participants should have been diagnosed with ulcer.

Validity

This study will be more valid because it is tested on real cases of humans with ulcer and without putting them in any harm because the researchers are just checking scale/assessment of their stress and medical records.

4.Ethical Concerns

Principle A are affected because first there is harm to the emotional feelings of participant and Principle C because right information is not given to them. Section 3 Human Relations 3.03 Other Harassment is also done because the participant was given demeaning comments.

Remedy these ethical concerns

Make sure to give the right information and instruction to a participant if ever they are lost and cannot find the laboratory the researcher should take action to pick up the participants where they are and bring them to the lab instead of letting them roam to places. Demeaning comments can internally hurt a participant which could discourage them and give different result in the experiment or may cause withdrawal.

Validity

Avoiding any extraneous variables such as stress or emotional distress will be beneficial for the participant and the experiment because accurate results will show. Additionally, it will bring about trust from participant to researcher because they know that the researchers gave them right information. In return, they can entrust there answers to researchers. Possibly no withdrawal and more participation of experiments in the future.

5. Ethical Concerns

There are so many ethical concern with Milgram principles affected are Principle A harm to participants which is distress, Principle B trust is ruined because researchers told the participant to keep punishing the person from the other end, Principle C because this is not in accordance to the practice of psychology which is caring for the well-being of people, Principle E respect to human rights is affected. Section 3 Human Relations 3.04 Avoiding Human Harm although no one was really hurt from the voltage this caused harm and mental distress to the participant as their morals are compromised.

Remedy these ethical concerns

Since the study is about teacher and student like theme and punishment. The study could have been just a point system and giving red card for violation or minus in score. Then the researcher will just check if until when can the supposed teacher give the red card will they stop even if the researcher says no. This will be way better because there is no severe pain inflicted just the feeling of conscientious for the student who gets a lot of mistake and up until when can they give low scores.

Validity

It is valid in the sense that there is no severe harm inflicted and that this most likely happens in the real setting for example students who do not do well in school and authority of principal over the teacher.