question archive To understand the meaning of the variables in Gauss's law, andthe conditions under which the law is applicable

To understand the meaning of the variables in Gauss's law, andthe conditions under which the law is applicable

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To understand the meaning of the variables in Gauss's law, andthe conditions under which the law is applicable.

Gauss's law is usually written
 

\Phi_E=\oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{A} = \frac{q_{\rm encl}}{\epsilon_0},

where \epsilon_0 = 8.85 \times 10^{-12}\, {\rm C^2/(N\cdot m^2)} isthe permittivity of vacuum.

 

How should theintegral in Gauss's law be evaluated?

  around theperimeter of a closed loop
  over the surfacebounded by a closed loop
  over a closedsurface

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