Explain the different stages of syphilis. (Terminology/topics to include: causative organism (morphology, gram-stain reaction), mode of transmission, chancre, gumma, symptoms, likelihood of infection, treatment options at different stages, damage that can occur during different stages, prevention methods).

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused Treponema pallidum which are gram-negative spiral (spirochetes) bacteria. This disease is mainly transmitted from human to human via direct sexual contact.

The first stage of syphilis is referred to as the primary stage. In this stage, painless sore (chancre) occur at the site of inoculation in the genitalia. This usually happens 2-4 weeks after contracting the bacterial agent. After this is the secondary stage characterized by rashes, fever, and flat-topped papules called condylomata lata. Secondary syphilis usually occurs 2-8 weeks after the appearance of the first chancre. The primary and secondary stages of syphilis are classified under early syphilis and both stages can easily be treated with penicillin G. Additionally, these first two stages are considered are highly infectious stages. In the third stage, latent syphilis, the symptoms disappear but the bacteria is still present in the body. This stage can last for more than a year. The last stage is tertiary syphilis. Gummas (ulcerating granulomas) appear in the skin, bones, and organs. This stage is considered as the most destructive and morbid phase due to the irreversible damage to the nervous system brought by neurosyphilis. The treatment for latent and tertiary syphilis is still penicillin G, but it must be taken for a longer duration during these stages. To prevent syphilis infection, it is important to be aware of safe sexual practices. Additionally, a long-term monogamous relationship reduces the possibility of acquiring STD infection.

Step-by-step explanation

Terminologies

• Spirochete - spiral-shaped bacteria
• chancre - painless genital lesion or ulcer
• condylomata lata - distinct lesions or papules of secondary syphilis stage
• Gummas - soft granulomas of tissues