Assignment must include references. 

1) Describe the process of science.

2. Define the terms anatomy and physiology.

3. Identify the characteristics of life.

4. List and discuss in order of increasing complexity the levels of organization of the body and the major organ systems, identifying the primary functions of each. 

5. Describe the anatomical position.

Answers:

1. Describe the process of science.

The process of science is a dynamic approach to investigation. The scientific method is a general framework that scientists use in their work; it includes observing, recognizing a problem or stating a critical question, developing a hypothesis, making a prediction that can be tested, making further observations, performing experiments, interpreting results, and drawing conclusions that support or falsify the hypothesis. The observations made, the range of questions asked, and the design of experiments depend on the creativity of the individual scientist. Science is influenced by cultural, social, historical, and technological contexts.

SOURCE: Biology 11th Ed

Authors: Solomon, Martin, Martin, Berg

Chapter: 1

2. Define the terms anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy, which means "a cutting open," is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.

Physiology is the study of function and how living organisms perform their vital functions. ese functions are complex and much more dicult to examine than most anatomical structures.

SOURCE: Visual Anatomy & Physiology 3rd Ed

Authors: Martini, Ober, Nath, Barthoolomew, Petti

Chapter: 1

3. Identify the characteristics of life.

• Cells - Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of organisms. All living things are composed of one or more cells. Unicellular organisms are made up of one cell; multicellular organisms consist of more than one cell.
• Organization - All living things have a structural arrangement more complex than non-living things. This organization ranges from the chemical level to the more complex organism level. At the chemical level, combinations of large molecules such as carbohy-drates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids form cellular structures that make up tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
• Responsiveness - Living things have the ability to detect and respond to stimuli (things that cause a reaction) in their immediate environment. For example, plants orient to the sun, or you react when touching a hot object.
• Regulation - Living things have mechanisms to maintain a relatively stable internal environment as external conditions fluctuate. This stabilizing process is called homeostasis. For example, your body keeps your temperature within a narrow range despite how cold or hot it is outside. 
• Growth and Development - Over time, organisms grow and develop. Growth is an increase in size, and it occurs as part of development. Development is the natural progression in physical maturation, such as a seed becoming a plant. Your brain began as a hollow tube that developed into a complex organ that can think about itself. 
• Reproduction - The process by which organisms produce offspring is called reproduction. Reproduction creates subsequent generations of the same kind of organisms.
• Metabolism - Metabolism refers to all the essential chemical processes that take place in living cells and organisms. Metabolism includes both anabolic (building up) processes, such as the synthesis of large molecules, and catabolic (breaking down) processes, such as the breakdown of large molecules to release energy.

SOURCE: Visual Anatomy & Physiology 3rd Ed

Authors: Martini, Ober, Nath, Barthoolomew, Petti

Chapter: 1

4. List and discuss in order of increasing complexity the levels of organization of the body and the major organ systems, identifying the primary functions of each. 

• Chemical Level. Atoms, the smallest stable units of matter, can combine to form molecules with complex shapes. The functional properties of a particular molecule are determined by its unique shape and atomic components.
• Cellular Level. Cells are the smallest living units in the body. Their functions depend on organelles, intracellular structures composed of various complex molecules. Each organelle has a specific function; for example, one type provides the energy that powers the contractions of muscle cells in the heart.
• Tissue Level. A tissue is composed of similar cells (and their products) working together to perform one or more specific functions. Heart muscle cells, or cardiac muscle cells (cardium, heart), form cardiac muscle tissue.
• Organ Level. An organ consists of two or more tissues working to perform several functions. Layers of heart muscle tissue, in combination with connective tissue (another type of tissue), form the bulk of the wall of the heart, a hollow internal organ.
• Organ System Level. Organs interact in organ systems. Each time it contracts, the heart pumps and pushes blood into a network of blood vessels. Together, the heart, blood, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system, one of 11 organ systems in the body.
• Organism Level. An organism—a human—is the highest level of organization. All organ systems of an organism's body work together to maintain life and health.

SOURCE: Visual Anatomy & Physiology 3rd Ed

Authors: Martini, Ober, Nath, Barthoolomew, Petti

Chapter: 1

5. Describe the anatomical position.

The anatomical position refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright with the:

• Head, gaze (eyes), and toes directed anteriorly (forward).
• Arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly.
• Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel.

SOURCE: Clinically Oriented Anatomy 2018 8th Ed

Author: Moore, Dalley, Agur

Chapter: 1