Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System -

1.   Describe the structure of the Male Reproductive System

2.   Detail the function of the testes

3.   Explain the importance of their location in the scrotum.

4.   Describe the structure of the penis and indicate its role in the reproductive process.

5.   Describe the location, structure, and function of the accessory reproductive organs of the male.

 

Physiology of the Male Reproductive System -

1.   Describe the phases of the male sexual response.

2.   Define meiosis.

3.   Compare and contrast it to mitosis.

4.   What is the function of glands within the Male Reproductive System 

5.   Outline events of spermatogenesis and discuss which hormone activate this process 

 

Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System -

1.   Describe the function of the Female Reproductive System 

2.   Describe the location, structure, and function of the ovaries.

3.   Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the organs of the female reproductive duct system.

4.   Describe the anatomy of the female external genitalia..

5.   What is the main difference between the Female and Male Reproductive System

 

Physiology of the Female Reproductive System -  

1.   What is Ovulation and what hormones activate this process 

2.   Describe the process of oogenesis and compare it to spermatogenesis.

3.   Describe the ovarian cycle phases, and relate them to events of oogenesis.

4.   Describe the regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycles.

 

Sexually Transmitted Infections - ( 1) Describe the infectious agents and ( 2) modes of transmission, (3) signs, symptoms and (4) therapy for the following diseases: - 

1.   Gonorrhea,

2.   Genital herpes.

3.   HIV

 

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system consists of a number of sex organs that play a role in the process of human reproduction. 

These organs are located on the outside of the body and within the pelvis. 

The main male sex organs are the penis and the testicles which produce semen and sperm, which, as part of sexual intercourse, fertilize an ovum in the female's body; 

the fertilized ovum develops into a fetus, which is later born as an infant.

 

The functions of the testes are to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testosterone. 

Testosterone release is controlled by the anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone; whereas sperm production is controlled both by the anterior pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone 

and gonadal testosterone.

 

The scrotum hangs outside the body because it needs to maintain a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the body. This lower temperature helps to maintain sperm production. 

Scrotal tissues help protect the structures inside the testicles, where sperm and important hormones are produced.

 

The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse. And it has parts consisting mainly of the following:

a. The root: This is the part of the penis that attaches to the wall of your abdomen.

b. The body or shaft: Shaped like a tube or cylinder, the body of the penis is made up of three internal chambers. 

Inside these chambers there's a special, sponge-like erectile tissue that contains thousands of large spaces that fill with blood when you're sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and erect, which allows for penetration during sex. The skin of the penis is loose and elastic, allowing for changes in penis size during an erection.

c. The glans: This is the cone-shaped end of the penis. The glans, which is also called the head of the penis, 

is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision.

 

Testis Seminiferous tubules produce sperm and secrete inhibin; interstitial cells secrete testosterone

Epididymis- Site of sperm maturation and temporary storage; carries sperm to vas deferens

Vas deferens-Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct

Ejaculatory duct-Carries sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicle to the urethra

Urethra-Carries semen to the external environment

Bulbo-urethral gland-Secretes watery fluid that neutralizes acidity of the urethra and lubricates the glans penis

Seminal vesicle-Secretes alkaline fluid containing nutrients for sperm and prostaglandins for stimulating reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes; helps keep semen slightly alkaline

Prostate gland-Secretes alkaline fluid that helps keep semen slightly alkaline and activates motility of sperm

Scrotum-Contains and protects testes; regulates temperature of testes

Penis-Inserted into vagina during sexual intercourse; deposits semen in vagina; contains sensory receptors associated with feelings of sexual pleasure.

 

Male sexual response is divided into 4 phases:

1. Excitement or sexual arousal phase

- Arousal can be triggered by thoughts, images, touch, scents, or any number of stimuli.

-Physiological signs of arousal can include muscle tension, increased heart rate and breathing, elevated blood pressure, flushed skin, 

hardened or erect nipples, and blood flow to the genitals and pelvic region.

-This blood flow can cause the penis to begin becoming erect and the testicles to increase in size and elevate towards the body. 

-Distraction, anxiety, stress, depression, and lots of other factors can impact erection and arousal. 

-people may shift between heightened or lowered excitement, depending on stimulation and level of distraction or stress. 

-The excitement phase can last for just a few minutes or for hours, depending on the person and the circumstances.

2.Plateau- is somewhat of an intensified version of the excitement phase. 

-During plateau, the penis and testes continue to increase in size due to blood flow.

-Heart rate, muscle tension, and some involuntary body movements or contractions are also not uncommon, especially in the feet, face, and hands. 

-This is also the time when pre-ejaculate may become visible at the opening of the urethra. 

-Pre-ejaculate is responsible for adjusting the pH balance of the urethra so sperm can survive during ejaculation. 

-Semen from past ejaculations or sexually transmitted infections can also be present in pre-ejaculate. 

-So you may want to take precautions for pregnancy prevention and reducing the risk of STI transmission.

3. orgasm & Ejaculation

-These two events are often lumped together as one, but they are actually two separate functions of the body. 

-Orgasm can be described as a cerebral or the brain's response to ejaculation (regardless of whether ejaculation occurs).

-Orgasm is also often described at the climax or peak of the sexual response cycle. 

-The length of orgasm can vary — for some, orgasm lasts a few seconds to a minute, while others may be able to prolong orgasm for longer. 

- During ejaculation, semen exits the body through the urethra and rhythmic contractions may be felt at the head of the penis, in the pelvic area, and near the anus.

-Those contractions are responsible for propelling semen through the urethra and out of the head of the penis. 

-The orgasmic and ejaculation phase is often noted by increased involuntary muscle movements and pelvic thrusts. 

4. resolution

- is the phase when the body begins to return to an unexcited state.

-Blood begins to flow out of the penis, and erection begins to gradually subside.

- Muscles often begin to relax and skin returns to a non-flushed color. 

-Resolution can be marked by feelings of drowsiness, as well as feelings of increased intimacy, relaxation, and contentment.

 

Meiosis- is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. 

-It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each paternal and maternal chromosome (haploid).

- It is prior to the division, genetic material from the paternal and maternal copies of each chromosome is crossed over, creating new combinations of code on each chromosome.

 -Later on, during fertilization, the haploid cells produced by meiosis from a male and female will fuse to create a cell with two copies of each chromosome again, the zygote.

 

Similarities

 

Both mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division.

Both mitosis and meiosis produce daughter cells.

Both mitosis and meiosis have the "PMAT" stages (which stand for Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase).

 

Differences

 

Mitosis has only one round of cell division, while meiosis has two.

Mitosis only occurs in somatic (body) cells, while meiosis occurs in sex cells.

Mitosis produces daughter cells (diploid cells) that are identical to the parent cell, while mitosis produces haploid/monoploid cells that only have half of the normal number of chromosomes.

 

Events of spermatogenesis and hormone activate this process :

- is a continuous process during adult life and, thus, the adult testes contain all stages from stem cells to mature sperm.

-As in mammals, the germ cells develop in close contact with somatic cells, in this case the cyst cells, which are of mesodermal origin.

-At the very tip of the testis tube, the so-called hub is formed by somatic support cells to which the germline stem cells (GSCs) and ---the cyst cell progenitors (somatic stem cells, SSCs) are physically connected.

-This complex differentiation process from round cells to the highly specialized structure of spermatozoa is controlled by a large number of genes (up to 1500) affecting spermatogenesis, which is reflected in the large number of male sterile mutants.

 

Gonorrhea

- bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea.

 

Mode of transmission

-Anal intercourse

-Oral intercourse (both giving and receiving)

-Vaginal intercourse

 

Signs and Symptoms

-Burning when you pee

-Painful or swollen testicles

-White, yellow, or green discharge from your penis

-Burning or pain when you pee

-Bleeding between periods

-More vaginal discharge than is typical

-Pain in your belly

-Pain when you have sex

 

Therapy and Treatment includes:

-ceftriaxone and either azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax) 

-doxycycline (Monodox, Vibramycin).

-gemifloxacin (Factive) or injectable gentamicin 

 

Genital Herpes

- infection caused by herpes simplex virus.

 

Mode of Transmision

-A herpes sore;

-Saliva (if your partner has an oral herpes infection) or genital secretions (if your partner has a genital herpes infection);

-Skin in the oral area if your partner has an oral herpes infection, or skin in the genital area if your partner has a genital herpes infection.

 

Signs and Symptoms

-An itching or burning feeling in the genital or anal area

-Flu-like symptoms, including a fever, headaches, a general ill feeling (malaise), and muscle aches

-Swollen glands

-Pain in the legs, buttocks, or genital area

-Vaginal, anal, or urinary passage (urethral) discharge

-A feeling of pressure in the area below the stomach

-Painful urination

 

Antiviral agents used to treat herpes simplex virus infections are 

-nucleoside analogs.

-Acyclovir is the antiviral most commonly used to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections.

-famciclovir (Famvir)

-valacyclovir (Valtrex)

 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS.

 

Mode of transmision

-Blood transfusion

-Childbirth (to child)

-Needle-sharing injection drug use

-Percutaneous needle stick

-sexual intercourse

 

Signs and Symptoms

-Thrush (a thick, white coating on your tongue or mouth)

-Sore throat

-Bad yeast infections

-Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease

-Getting bad infections a lot

-Feeling really tired, dizzy, and lightheaded

-Headaches

-Losing lots of weight quickly

-Bruising more easily than normal

-Having diarrhea, fevers, or night sweats for a long time

 

Therapy

Integrase inhibitors such as bictegravir (not available as a stand-alone drug, but available in the combination drug Biktarvy, dolutegravir (Tivicay), elvitegravir 

(not available as a stand-alone drug, but available in the combination drugs Genvoya and Stribild), raltegravir

 

NRTIs such as: abacavir (Ziagen), emtricitabine (Emtriva), lamivudine (Epivir), tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Vemlidy), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread), zidovudine (Retrovir)

 

Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) inhibitors such as cobicistat (Tybost), ritonavir (Norvir)

 

Protease inhibitors (PIs) such as atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista), fosamprenavir (Lexiva), lopinavir 

(not available as a stand-alone drug, but available with ritonavir in the combination drug Kaletra), ritonavir (Norvir),tipranavir (Aptivus)