question archive PART 1 CASE STUDY: Insider Trading and Fiduciary Duty
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PART 1 CASE STUDY: Insider Trading and Fiduciary Duty.
One of the most famous cases of insider trading implicated Michael Milken, Dennis Levine, and Martin Siegel, all executives of Drexel Burnham Lambert (DBL), and the company itself.26 Ivan Boesky, also accused, was an arbitrageur, an outside investor who bet on corporate takeovers and appeared to be able to uncannily anticipate takeover targets, buy their stock ahead of time, and earn huge profits.
Everyone wondered how; the answer was that he cheated. Boesky went to the source—the major investment banks—to get insider information. He paid Levine and Siegel to give him pretakeover details, an illegal action, and he profited enormously from nearly every major deal in the merger-crazy 1980s, including huge deals involving oil companies such as Texaco, Getty, Gulf, and Chevron.
The SEC started to become suspicious after receiving a tip that someone was leaking information.
Investigators discovered Levine's secret Swiss bank account, with all the money Boesky had paid him.
Levine then gave up Boesky in a plea deal; the SEC started watching Boesky and subsequently caugh Siegel and Milken.
The penalties were the most severe ever given at the time. Milken, the biggest catch of all, agreed to pay $200 million in government fines, $400 million to investors who had been hurt by his actions, and $500 million to DBL clients—for a grand total of $1.1 billion. He was sentenced to ten years in prison and banned for life from any involvement in the securities industry. Boesky received a prison sentence of 3.5 years, was fined $100 million, and was permanently barred from working with securities. Levine agreed to pay $11.5 million and $2 million more in back taxes; he too was given a lifetime ban and was sentenced to two years in prison.
Milken and Levine violated their financial duties to their employer and the company's clients. Not only does insider trading create public relations nightmare, it also subjects the company to legal liability.
DBL ended up being held liable in civil lawsuits due to the actions of its employees, and it was also charged with violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act) and ultimately failed, going bankrupt in 1990.
(As a note of interest regarding the aftermath of all of this for Milken, he has tried to redeem his image since his incarceration. He resolutely advises others to avoid his criminal acts and has endowed some worthy causes in Los Angeles.)
AFTER READING THIS CASE STUDY IN PART 1, ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS:
* Employers in financial services must have stringent codes of professional behavior for their
employees to observe. Even given such a code, how should employees honor their fiduciary duty to
safeguard the firm's assets and treat clients equitably? What mechanisms would you suggest for
keeping employees in banking, equities trading, and financial advising within the limits of the law
and ethical behavior?
* This case dominated the headlines in the 1980s and the accused in this case were all severely fined
and received prison sentences. How do you think this case might be treated today?
* Should employees in these industries be encouraged or even required to receive ethical certification
from the state or from professional associations? Why or why not?
PART 2 CASE STUDY: Non-Compete Agreements.
After an investigation by then-New York attorney general Eric Schneiderman, fast-food franchisor Jimmy
John's announced in 2016 that it would not enforce non-compete agreements signed by low-wage
employees that prohibited them from working at other sandwich shops, and it agreed to stop using the
agreements in the future. Jimmy John's non-compete agreement had prohibited all workers, regardless
of position, from working during their employment and for two years after at any other business that
sold "submarine, hero-type, deli-style, pita, and/or wrapped or rolled sandwiches" in a geographic area
within two miles of any Jimmy John's shop anywhere in the United States.13
Schneiderman said of the agreements, "They limit mobility and opportunity for vulnerable workers and
bully them into staying with the threat of being sued." Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan had also
initiated action, filing a lawsuit that asked the court to strike down such clauses. "Preventing employees
from seeking employment with a competitor is unfair to Illinois workers and bad for Illinois businesses,"
Madigan said. "By locking low-wage workers into their jobs and prohibiting them from seeking better
paying jobs elsewhere, the companies have no reason to increase their wages or benefits."14
Jimmy John's has more than 2,500 franchises in forty-six states, so its agreement meant it would be
difficult for a former worker to get a job in a sandwich shop in almost any big city in the United States.
AFTER READING THIS CASE STUDY IN PART 2, ANSWER THOSE QUESTIONS:
* Other than being punitive, what purpose do non-compete agreements serve when low-level
employees are required to sign them?
*Suppose an executive chef or vice president of marketing or operations at Jimmy John's or any large
sandwich franchise leaves the firm with knowledge of trade secrets and competitive strategies.
Should he or she be compelled to wait a negotiated period of time before working for a competitor?
Why or why not?
*What is fair to all parties when high-level managers possess unique, sensitive information about
their former employer?
PART 1 CASE STUDY: Insider Trading and Fiduciary Duty
* Employers in financial services must have stringent codes of professional behavior for them employees to observe. Even given such a code, how should employees honor their fiduciary duty to safeguard the firm's assets and treat clients equitably? What mechanisms would you suggest for keeping employees in banking, equities trading, and financial advising within the limits of the law and ethical behavior?
Employees should exercise value ethics to ensure that their actions reflect good character and personal values such as integrity, honesty and transparency. Additionally, employees should apply the principle of utilitarianism to ensure their actions benefit the great number of people rather than their self-interest.
Several mechanisms can be implemented to keep employees within the limits of the law and ethical behavior. They include;
· Designing strong internal controls.
· Implementing an effective corporate governance framework.
· Training employees on compliance.
· Creating fair reward systems.
* This case dominated the headlines in the 1980s and the accused in this case were all severely fined and received prison sentences. How do you think this case might be treated today?
I think the accused might receive severe treatment in the modern world. This is because their actions have a more adverse effects on the firm considering that clients have become more aware.
* Should employees in these industries are encouraged or even required to receive ethical certification
from the state or from professional associations? Why or why not?
No. This is because there is no relationship between certification and committing an offense. Individuals would still commit unethical acts even with the certification.
Step-by-step explanation
PART 2 CASE STUDY: Non-Compete Agreements.
* Other than being punitive, what purpose do non-compete agreements serve when low-level
employees are required to sign them?
The non-compete agreements tie employees to low wage paying companies by limiting them from looking for better-paying jobs.
*Suppose an executive chef or vice president of marketing or operations at Jimmy John's or any large
sandwich franchise leaves the firm with knowledge of trade secrets and competitive strategies.
Should he or she be compelled to wait a negotiated period of time before working for a competitor?
Why or why not?
He or she should not be compelled to wait a negotiated period of time before working for a competitor. This is because this will violate his human rights of getting employment in any firm including the competitor. Additionally, it might cost him or her available job opportunities that might not be available in the future.
*What is fair to all parties when high-level managers possess unique, sensitive information about
their former employer?
The high-level managers should keep the information confidential and should never use it in their new places of work in bad faith. Alternatively, the former employer should not file lawsuits for non-compete against the managers.