In this paper, you will make an arguable claim that is supported by credible evidence

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In this paper, you will make an arguable claim that is supported by credible evidence.  A sound argument is different from an opinion. An opinion is a belief that lacks a basis in logic or factual evidence. Instead, for this paper, you will use the writing process to form a position on your chosen topic, an argument that is based on logic and factual evidence found through research. So, instead of starting with an opinion and finding sources, you start with sources and use them to form a position. 

An argumentative essay asks you to take a stand on an issue, support it with persuasion, reasons, and evidence, and to address the opposition’s position.  To accomplish this goal, you will research and investigate your topic by building a source list that represents credible, scholarly, authoritative voices.  You must responsibly integrate and discuss these perspectives into your writing, demonstrating how they either support or go against your own argument.  All claims should be backed up by sources, whether quoted directly, summarized, or paraphrased. 

Organization Tips: Begin with an introduction that builds readers' interest in the topic and ends with a concise thesis statement that makes an arguable claim about a problem. This is the foundation on which you will build your argument.

The subsequent paragraphs should give evidence from scholarly sources that prove the claim. Those body paragraphs should include a topic sentence that encompasses a single aspect of your argument that you will write about in that paragraph only. Remember, paragraphs are like containers, and each container can only hold one subtopic. Each paragraph's topic sentence needs to be backed up with evidence and be tied back to the thesis. You must also acknowledge oppositional points by incorporating and refuting counterarguments.

Don’t forget a conclusion that summarizes the argument, emphasizes its importance, makes a call to action, and/or looks to future implications. No new information should be introduced in the conclusion.

The approach to this can be in a style you find makes sense for your subject, such as an Introduction > Problem > Cause > Solution > Conclusion approach, or any other pattern that logically outlines your argument. There are handouts to guide your set-up here   Download here.

IMPORTANT POINT: Remember you are continuing to use the same topic that you wrote about for the expository essay.  While you might write about a more focused or different aspect of the issue, the overall topic must remain the same.

Paper requirements:

 

 

 

 

This is example of body paragraph

Racial bias against African Americans in healthcare

Disparities in terms of illnesses, treatment outcomes, and premature deaths between whites and African Americans started to be noted back in the 1980s. It has been established that African Americans experience worse outcomes, more illness, and more premature deaths as compared to whites (Santoro & Santoro, 2018). There are various inequalities in the American healthcare system that place African Americans at a disadvantage. These inequalities create gaps in access to healthcare services and health insurance coverage. African Americans are therefore forced to bear the burden of these challenges (Santoro & Santoro, 2018). It is sadly true that African Americans do not receive the same quality of healthcare as whites; racial bias against African Americans in healthcare exists.

Healthcare professionals have negative assumptions and associations against African Americans (Yearby, 2018). Although doctors take an oath to treat all patients equally, not all patients get equal treatment. These negative assumptions and associations are fueled by the social, political, and economic structures of society. This means that although healthcare professionals may not be explicitly racist, they operate in a system that is racist and this affects the way they treat patients (Yearby, 2018). For example, it is easier for a doctor to assume that an African American has a substance abuse problem even when they do not. This evidence shows that there is racial bias against African Americans in healthcare.

There is a high uninsured rate among African Americans. Although the rate of uninsured African Americans declined after the implementation of the affordable care act, research shows that there are still more African Americans than whites that are uninsured (Yearby, 2018). Based on research conducted in 2018, 9.7% of African Americans were uninsured compared to 5.4% whites who were uninsured. This rate of uninsured African Americans has been facilitated by the high cost of the coverage options (Yearby, 2018). This is evidence that access to affordable health is a challenge to most African Americans and therefore they do not receive the same quality of healthcare as whites.

African Americans with serious medical needs are less likely to be referred to personalized care programs as compared to equally ill white patients. Research shows that more white people are referred to programs that aim to improve care for patients with serious medical conditions (Breathett et al, 2018). The algorithms used in this process are less likely to refer African Americans to these programs. There is significant evidence of racial bias in assessing the health of patients through electronic medical records. This leads to poor decision-making that affects African Americans in healthcare (Breathett et al, 2018). This evidence shows therefore that racial bias against African Americans exists not only among the healthcare staff but also in the electronic system.

Racial bias against African Americans is practiced even towards doctors and other healthcare staff. Recently published reports show evidence of racial bias expressed towards doctors of African American heritage. This racial bias is perpetrated by patients as well as the colleagues of these doctors (Dyrbye et al, 2018). The availability of published guidelines such as "Dealing with racist patients" and "strategies to address discrimination towards trainees" is evidence that African American healthcare professionals are also being affected by racial bias. The sad reality that such guidelines are needed in healthcare is clear evidence that racial bias exists in healthcare and it not only affects the patients but also healthcare professionals (Dyrbye et al, 2018).