question archive A correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related
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A correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly related. It’s a common tool for describing simple relationships without making a statement about cause and effect. The sample correlation coefficient, r, quantifies the strength of the relationship. Correlations are also tested for statistical significance. We describe correlations with a unit-free measure called the correlation coefficient which ranges from -1 to +1 and is denoted by r. Statistical significance is indicated with a p-value. So correlations are typically written with two key numbers: r = and p = (Gravetter et al, 2021).