A.

This military camp order was deigned to repeat a defensive strategy over any landscape. Eventually they became settlements on the expanding empire settled by veterans. They were oriented toward the cardinal directions and were eventually endowed with a temple, arena, forum and basilica. The traces of the these can be found all around the Mediteranean

B.

This master-planned gridded city was located in the middle of a vast water system of canals and irrigation. It designed arguably the most productive floating gardens in history and derived its power from tribute and incredibly productive agricutlure. For a hundred years it was one of the largest cities on earth. It is possible that it became a template after it was conquered for the European imposition of the centered grid at home and around the world

C.

This stone path up the passes dozens of platforms, each of which is a place of ritual worship following sacred paths inscribed in stone.

D.

This sacred city is a cosmogram oriented to the cardinal directions and sacred peaks

E.

This ancient template for a city was replicated for thousands of years. It had 3 gates facing the cardinal directions enclosed in a massive rectangular wall.

F.

This is a Mongolian adaptation of an ancient Shandi and Zhou imperial system. With ordered gates oriented towards the cardinal directions, and a palace at the. This massive capital city embeds the taoist movement of water and nature through the confucian order of heirarchical spaces centered on the body of the emperor. The Dynasty afterwards keeps the same oder yet relocates the city to the south so that the palace is now at the northern end.

G.

Inhabited solely by relatives of the ruler and priests, its grid divides the city into four quarters as a representation of its empire where the roads reach out in straight lines to each of its territories. It has a massive open space in the middle and its principle spaces, architectures and waterways articulate the sacred animal form of the panther.

H.

This city begins as the capital of the Fatimid Empire, before becoming the Mamluk capital. While it has the third largest mosque in Africa, it is home to many funerary monuments that orient the urban spaces in the old city.

I. These cities vary greatly, depending on what was there first. However, one of the defining characteristics is oreinting neghborhoods around sacred temples and markets. Formerly gridded streets begin to disappear as the city is re-oreinted towards protecting the privacy of extended families. Many streets have few windows or doors (oustide the markets) while the interior spaces are open and spacious.

J. The idea of moving from sacred space to sacred space along trade routes, creates its own urban systems. Small towns and temples appear one days walk from each other as religious travelers move from sacred site to sacred site, reinforcing the economic importance of relics and trade.

K. Also know as sun sun, this trading city had kings that when they died kept their land. New kings had to constantly conquer new territory.

L. Known by its Mexica name, this is one of the largest planned cities in the Americas. Its ritual temples were built over sacrifices and sacred caves. Originally brightly painted and oriented towards a sacred mountian.

QUESTION 9

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Hinduism?

A. The worship of one god.

B. The inlfuence of Jainism, Buddhism, Vedism, Zoarastrianism, Vedism

C. The idea of a sacred river, that is manifest as a god

D. The importance of a sacred mountain as representative of the infinite universe.

A.

Possibly the largest canal system for farming in an arid landscape in the Americas

B.

40000 km of roads in four terrains at great height

C.

The Grand Canal, Great Walls and massive cities

D.

Aqueducts and architectural systems that can be repeated over a large territory

E.

Aqueducts and hidden cisterns in the desert

F.

Ritual spirit roads carved or marked straight for hundreds of miles

G.

Yam, a postal service that could move freely over thousands of miles

H.

Geoglyphs marking a sacred landscape

A.

This columned sacred space was oreinted along cardinal directions and inspired by the Etruscan practice of using the front porch as a stage for sacrifice and augury. These were stamped all over the empire.

B.

This columned sacred space was oriented towards the sunrise on the God's birthday. Rituals were performed in front of the temple, that was usually brightly painted. Each one was custom.

C.

Built by three successive dynasties, this sacred site combines the narrative of ruler conquest with the creation narrative of the god Vishnu. It is surrounded by a massive barray representing the cosmic ocean. As you move towards the center the narrative and power get more and more intense. It was one of the largest cities in the world and ruled over an enormous engineered landscape

D.

A powerful banking family made rich by trade from east to west built the largest church in Christendom at the time to reinforce their city as a center of power. Its dome was the width of the Pantheon, however could not be built for a long time. The Dome is not a dome and is a complex structure of Gothic ribs reinforced by a series of stone, iron and wooden chains and thin heringbone stacked bricks.

E.

Its form is the back of a turtle in a primordial sea on whose back an all important God is born, based on a series of mythical stories about the origin of corn and the sun. The ritual game is a sacred event, where the captain has to be sacrificed to please the Gods.

F.

This rock carved church has little resemblence to the roman inspired early christian churches. It began as an artesianal well and the church was carved down to the level of the water

G.

This three tiered sacred Mountain, is a complete timeline of the history of its people and its most important King going back in time and forward into the far future. It was built to commemorate the end of war and to mark the sacred spring.The Priests would read this out to the people from the top.

H. This early church was built by the Goth Aryan Christian king of Italy using a number of early depictions of Chrerst, both with and without a beard, , where God occupies the seat of judgement and Christ is a figure enthroned. The scripture is depicted in pictures and allegories, not text. It was subsequently modified by Justinian and others. The city was once the center of an enlightened Gothic Empire.

I. This sacred mound is derived from a pile of stones over the dead, and also a representation of a sacred mountian and represents four secred elements. Adapted to Buddhism over time, it is still a place where one must dismount and add a rock.

J. The entire plateau is organized into a system of concentric circles with, at its center, Mount Meru. The bottom circle is strictly an account of experiences, the middle circle is all that man is taught, the highest circle is the sphere of revelation. This buddhist temple is one of the world's largest mandelas, however it has been restored recently making its interpretation of the imagery difficult

K. This Church was built at the new center of an Empire. It was designed to represent the power of God with its massive dome that represented heaven appearing to float on a ring of light unsupported from below. Without changing its essential form, it became a Mosque when the city changed Empires. It illustrates the convergence of Roman engineering with Mesopotamian dome structures.

L. This unique structure was the centerpiece of a new city built adjacent to an ancient city. Unlike other temples it was oriented north so that the occulus in the dome could harness the movement of the sun. Its materials were harnessed from the entire Empire while its influences are largely from the East. Its vast coffered concrete dome inspired thousands of buildings for the next two millenium

M. These many sites were outside the old wall as you could not bury a body inside the Roma sacred border. These tombs for martyrs became the sites of pilgrimage churches over time, including the original S. Peters.

N. First grand building to be seen by Western travelers to Istanbul. Financed by plunder from the military campaign of Cyprus, it is a vertical triumph dedicated to the Glory of God and and its architect who finally built the largest dome

A.

This sacred niche held the sacred text and was almost always oreinted towards Mecca. In some Islamic cultures it is also a representation of heaven with a garden on the other side

B.

This is the idea of a womb chamber where the god can be born into the world. It occupies an empty space at the heart of a temple.

C.

This is the representation of the infinite universe. It is manifest as actual mountains and is where the gods live.

D.

These are spiral shaped wells for walking and driving wind into the underground reservoir

E.

This figure represented both the idea of the grotesque as a critique of power as well as the likely future for sinners.

F. This hole on the bottom of the Kiva represents the emergence from the earth Mothers womb

G. This human infrastructure is one of the keys to the empire's power. He is sacred messenger who was able to run across roads carved into the mountains. Architectures were placed along his route in order to get him to his location quickly

H. This religious item and form can be traced back to the Harrapan culture. In its current use it represents a male sex aspect in a women's aspect and is often at the center of a temple attended by preists ofr visible through a small window

I. These massive landscape markers are oriented towards celestial systems on the ground with rocks or moving rocks away from the surface

J. This temple form represents the Mount Meru cosmology and is often depicted as infinite levels with the abodes fo the gods or as vibrating with energy

K. This cultural type is found all over the world, and although they appear to be only mobile and pastoral they are the lynchpins on the global economy and have had an outsized influence on the world.

L. This system of knots was a form of communication and counting for a short-lived but powerful empire. Its use can be traced back to the earliest sites of this part of the world