question archive The Disabled Human User of Assistive Technologies 1 ? Refer to pg
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The Disabled Human User of Assistive Technologies 1 ? Refer to pg. 55 of text book (review w/class) ? ADL - Activities of Daily Living (bathing, getting around inside, dressing, eating, etc.) ? IADL - Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (household chores,doing necessary business, shopping, or getting around for other purposes) 2 ? The use of AT systems is to focus on the skills of the pwd/user and provide assistive devices that augment/replace functional limitations. ? The goal is to increase functional independence for pwd. The focus is on the remaining functioning rather than the existing lost function. 3 ? Skills - What can the person do? ? Limitations - What can the person not do? ? Motivation - What the person desires to do. ? When designing AT systems, a person should focus on these three components. 4 ? Input from Sensors is important for obtaining information from the environment. ? However, a person can have deficits in the areas of sensitivity & range. ? Sensitivity - deficits in properly detecting levels of light ,sound, or pressure. ? Range - deficits in properly detecting differences in size, amplitude, or magnitude. 5 ? Effectors -Neural muscular, and skeletal elements of the human body that provide movement or motor output. ? Ex. Use of body parts such as hand, fingers, feet, toes, tongue, eyes, etc. constitutes motor output. ? Ex. Hand, finger(s), tongue to be used to operate a joystick, button, or switch that controls electric wheelchair, computer, car, appliances, etc. 6 ? Central Processing ? Review figure 3-1 includes perception,cognition, psychosocial, and motor control. pg. 56 7 ? Is the interpretation and assignment of meaning to data received from sensors, and it involves information obtained from sensed data with information that has been stored in a person’s memory base of other sensory experiences. 8 ? Cognition refers to attention memory, problem solving, decision making, learning, language, and other related tasks. Ex. Operating an electric wheelchair 1) The person must visually scan the environment (attention memory); 2)process sensory data(problem solving); & 3) make decisions as to the direction of movement (decision making). Whether the person operates the chair correctly or incorrectly. The person should keep the motor output in his/her memory to call upon in the future. 9 ? Motor control - combining of sensory,perceptual, and cognitive components into a motor pattern that is performed by effectors/muscular/skeletal elements. ? Motor planning - purposeful movements are executed to accomplish a purposeful task. ? Motor learning - As tasked are performed over and over, the person will be able to perform the task automatically or with little effort. 10 ? Psychosocial functioning consist of identity, self protection, and motivation. 11 ? Vision - An important sensory domain to be used for AT use. ? Ex. Visual scanning of the environment for the purpose of reading, operating a car, appliance, etc. ? If vision is limited, then other sensory domains will be used to compensate. ? Ex. Auditory or tactile senses 12 ? Auditory - The important auditory functions that are used with AT are: Auditory threshold to include amplitude & frequency. ? Somatosensory - The persons ability to feel/interpret temperatures, tactile, and kinesthetic responses. ? Posture & Position - Control of the body in relation to space. 13 ? Human interpretation of sensory events is based on physiological function & prior sensory & perceptual experience. ? Based on the amount of experience a person has with using an AT device will often determine how the an sensory event is interpreted. 14 ? Two problems exist when assessing the cognitive abilities necessary for the control AT systems. 1. AT often provides a function for which the person has no experience base. 2. There are many cases where by effective technology use showed unexpected results given the person’s cognitive level. 15 ? Be familiar with Piaget’s stages of human development. 16 ? Pages 67-85 will not be covered on EXAM #1. It will be covered on EXAM #2. 17
Effectors and Assistive Technologies
According to lecture readings, “effectors are neutral muscular and skeletal elements of the human body that provides movement or motor output.” In other words, effectors are cells or organs which act while responding to stimuli. Examples are using body parts such as feet, fingers, eyes, toes, hands, and tongue to establish motor output. Essentially, the human hands and fingers can be used to operate computers, machinery, vehicles, and other appliances. As a result, the main role of effectors in the human body is to cause responses that restore optimum levels, including blood glucose levels and core body temperature.
On the other hand, Assistive Technologies (AT) enable individuals to stay healthier, become more productive as well as be independent. “Assistive technologies minimize the need for support services and formal health, work of caregivers, and long-term care” (WHO, 2018). Hence, in the absence of AT, individuals are normally isolated, locked, and excluded into poverty. This increases the effect of disability and diseases on an individual, family, and the community.
As a result, effectors and AT significantly relate because they both promote participation and inclusion, particularly of people with disabilities, individuals with non-communicable diseases, and the aging population. The fundamental purpose of AT and effectors is to improve or maintain the independence and functioning of a person, thereby promoting their health and wellbeing. AT products include wheelchairs, hearing aids, spectacles, and devices to support memory (Kisanga & Kisanga, 2020). All these devices are used to promote the efficiency of effectors.