ARC 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era – Fall 2021 Giulia Amoresano Handout Week 5: 1780s – 1830s – THE ARCHITECTURE OF ‘ENLIGHTENMENT’ IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE The Age of Revolutions: The beginning of the myth of Western civilization (Building new cities in a transnational perspective; from the French Architecture Parlante to the construction of colonial cities) This lecture recontextualizes the turn of the 19th century, and the impact of the Western Enlightenment through a global perspective

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ARC 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era – Fall 2021 Giulia Amoresano Handout Week 5: 1780s – 1830s – THE ARCHITECTURE OF ‘ENLIGHTENMENT’ IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE The Age of Revolutions: The beginning of the myth of Western civilization (Building new cities in a transnational perspective; from the French Architecture Parlante to the construction of colonial cities) This lecture recontextualizes the turn of the 19th century, and the impact of the Western Enlightenment through a global perspective. Key to this period in architecture is Neoclassicism, seen as the style that embodies Enlightenment principles (it create balance and re-establishes rules after the excessiveness and irrationality of Baroque architecture), as well as the style that legitimizes the new governmental forms of the new countries (Neoclassicism as synonym of either Greek democracy, Republican Rome, and/or Imperial Rome).While most histories of this period usually focus on the twin Revolutions in France and the United States, the lecture argues that it was the Slave Revolution in what would become modern Haiti that changes the World in this period, and consequently the state of architectural production. Similarly, the lecture explores how the Triangle Trade promoted another revolution: the Industrial Revolution as seen through the architecture of Liverpool and Manchester in England. Lectures 2 and three explore the architectures of the French Revolution and Empire through the island of S. Dominique (Haitian) and the Slave Revolution. In France it looks at the need for architecture to codify a new architectural language that can embody the new principles of the French Revolution: equality among men. Architecture Parlante represented an attempt to translate the Neoclassical vocabulary to all social classes of the French newly-established Republic. Lecture 3 focuses on global war with the parallel revolutions in France and Haiti, the American Revolution and the mercantilist “quasiwar” between the young United States, the Directory of France and the British Empire. In both cases the need to control trade and keep afloat struggling economies led to violence and the reshaping of the colonial world. Indeed S. Dominque influenced the 1803 acquisition of the Louisiana territory which opened up vast lands for plantations and indigenous displacement in the rapidly growing United States. Lecture 4 examines the Palladian architecture of the U.S. plantation system through the lens of Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello, as well as in Louisiana. In short, this lecture seeks to reframe world history through what is now Haiti, as it was the most profitable island in the West Indies, with over 400,000 slaves working on sugar and coffee plantations to feeding the fast growing addiction of Europeans and their colonies, and shaped the vast world around it. Lecture 4 ends with the formalization of the architectural language of the plantation and the experimentations of Jefferson through the spread use ARC 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era – Fall 2021 Giulia Amoresano of the grid, which Jefferson will use at different scales, from the foundation of Washington DC to the gridded land ordinance of the US. The historical background can be understood through the following points: 1. The Production of Sugar is a vital part of the Triangle Trade and the Slave Economy, fed by an addiction to sweet, chocolate, coffee and tea in Europe and the colonies. The production of sugar requires the complete transformation of the Caribbean landscape and the use of industrial processes. 2. War and Revolution. War is a global phenomenon of company capitalism. S.Dominique is part of the French Empire and its Slave Revolution demonstrates the hypocrisy of the “Liberte” that undergirds the French Revolution. 3. The rise of Napoleon, the actions of Toussaint L'Ouverture and John Adams and Thomas Jefferson of the young United States begin what we know call Manifest Destiny with the Louisiana Purchase. This massive land transfer is the culmination of a three nation deal to contain slave emancipation on one island in order to revive stagnating economies. 4. Sugar plantations migrate north into the American South, fleeing the Slave revolutions. 5. The Architecture of Emulation. Powerful people like to copy the architectures of other powerful people in order to represent their arrival on the world stage. Henri built over 26 palaces during his short reign, the largest of which was Sans Souci, in a direct copy of the Prussian Emperors palace at Potsdam, while Thomas Jefferson and other plantation owners emulated Palladian Classicism to exude a sense of enlightened education and gentility in order to disguise their reliance on slavery. The last Lecture connects the landscapes of extraction of the Americas, and especially the plantations of the Southern US states, as paramount for the development of the Industrial Revolution, and the shift towards Industrial Capitalism. Through this shift, and with the abolition of slavery in the US at the end of the 1860s, this Lecture portrays the emergence of the new subjectivities that will provide cheap labor for the new capitalist system: industrial workers. The lecture than focuses on Liverpool, the northernmost point of the system of the Triangle trade. For nearly two centuries, the price of cotton in Liverpool determined the fate of the most lucrative markets in the World. From the displacement of indigenous populations in the American South for cotton plantations, to the massive movement of West Africans to work those plantations. Liverpool was also home to one of the busiest slave markets in the world until slavery was officially abolished in England. Its impact on the slave trade through the cotton market and its role as an economic center of Imperial England will continue through the early 20th Century. Lecture 5 is structured through the following points: ARC 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era – Fall 2021 Giulia Amoresano 1. Liverpool and Manchester are an example of urbanization and economic power as they shift from rural towns to centers of global industrial capitalism. 2. The price and demand for wool influenced the depopulation of the English countryside for work in mill towns and mines. These are what is known as the Irish Plantation System and the Enclosure Acts. 3. The English Mill System and the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool was a major port for the products of the massive English mill system. Early mills relied on the waters of rivers and later canals to power their machines. The industrial revolution is about the gradual introduction of machines to do the work of corporeal bodies. This involved architectures, economic systems and the transformation of the landscape through mills, water, and the power of coal. The site for this system is Manchester. The ever increasing desire for cheap mass produced textiles created a need to source cheaper and cheaper labor. This is what is known as the “Race to the Bottom,” a pursuit of ever-cheaper clothing that continues today in Bangladesh, Thailand and Indonesia. 4. The Architecture of the English Mill demonstrates the replacement of human labor with machines. Costs are kept low through the use of slave grown cotton, coerced labor and an increasing mechanization of the production process. Given these conditions, it is the price of labor that is controlled by moving the system around the world to find ever cheaper labor. This is known as the Race to the Bottom ARC 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era – Fall 2021 Giulia Amoresano Places: San Domingue/Haiti France Paris Chaux USA Louisiana Washington DC Savannah Liverpool Manchester Architects & Important Figures: [in this lecture authorship is understood as a negotiated system of agencies] Touissant L’Ouverture Napoleon Bonaparte Claude Nicholas Ledoux Étienne-Louis Boullée Jean Jacques Desaline Henri Christoph Thomas Jefferson Charles Pierre L’Enfant Eli Whitney Key Projects: Salt Works at Chaux Project for the National Library Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton L’Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l’art, des moeurs et de la legislation Chapel at Minot Sans Souci Palace Citadelle Laferrière Monticello Plantation 1785 Land Ordinance Plan for Washington DC Plan of Savannah The Enclosure Act Irish Plantation System Liverpool Exchange Hall / Town Hall The English Mill Manchester as factory town Key Words: Grid, Revolution, Enlightenment, Architecture Parlante, New audience, Revolutionary architects, Impossible architecture, plantation, slave economy, triangle trade, ‘Race to the Bottom’, Industrial Capitalism, Architecture of Emulation, Palladianism, Cotton, architecture as the infrastructure of the Empire of Cotton. Dates: 18th century – early 19th century (specific focus on turn of the 19th century era) Textbook references (A Global History of Architecture): YEAR 1700: • Sans Souci YEAR 1800 ARC 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era – Fall 2021 Giulia Amoresano • • • • • Neoclassicism Salt Works at Chaux Biblioteque Nationale Neoclassicism in the United States Washington DC ARCH 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era Week 5 – Episode 1: Recap Week 4 & Introduction to Week 5 Instructor: Giulia Amoresano email: gamoresano@cpp.edu Fall 2021 Evangelical Colonialism 1500s Evangelical colonialism was utilized by Portugal, Spain, England and France to forcibly convert conquered subjects to Christianity.The architecture of Evangelical colonialism is the Christian church, often using European Baroque, Classical, or Neo-Gothic styles. These architectures are often hybrid copies of European precedents built with local, indigenous labor and materials. The Pope divides the world into Spanish and Portuguese domains 1502 The Cantino Planisphere with 1494 Line of Tordesillas Centralized power of the Plaza Mayor, extended with a grid and repeated through the Laws of the Indies Baroque Architecture 1600s The counterstatement to the Protestant Reformation. Architecture as the tool of the Catholic Counter Reformation to attract people back to the church. Spectacularizing – using the ancients but breaking the rules to obtain emotionally charged and attractive spaces A style used as a medium of propaganda 1594 Pulpit of Basilica of Bom Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Saint Peter Basilica Square, Rome, Jesus, Goa Church of Sant’ Andrea al 1657 - 66 Quirinale, Rome, 1658 - 70 Baroque Architecture in France 1600s Display of power of the Absolutist King Henri Testelin, Colbert Presenting the Members of the Royal Academy of Sciences to Louis XIV in 1667 What is modern architecture? Second Half of the 1600s • Create a modern national language of architecture for a new social order • The past and models for legitimization (what past?) • Need for a scientific method to address the world (new knowledge brought through colonialism creates tension for established knowledge) FIND NEW ORIGINS Company Colonialism End of 1600s – 1700s Company colonialism is the origin of capitalism. It is a system whereby, nation-states outsource the extraction and exploitation to for-profit companies in exchange for an often exclusive charter fee. Companies relied on a number of financial innovations. Banks and the emerging bond market allowed companies to borrow money to invest in better ships and new routes. The stock market allowed them to sell shares to other owners, both raising capital and diversifying risk. Indeed this was the key advantage the company had over sovereign fleets. Elmina Castle, Elmina, Ghana, 1482-1872 Evergreen Plantation, St. John the Baptist parish, Louisiana, mid Appropriation of culture: bangoolo 19th c type becomes a bungalow (India) Company Colonialism End of 1600s – 1700s Company colonialism is the origin of capitalism. It is a system whereby, nation-states outsource the extraction and exploitation to for-profit companies in exchange for an often exclusive charter fee. Companies relied on a number of financial innovations. Banks and the emerging bond market allowed companies to borrow money to invest in better ships and new routes. The stock market allowed them to sell shares to other owners, both raising capital and diversifying risk. Indeed this was the key advantage the company had over sovereign fleets. William Kent, Buckinghamshire, Stowe Gardens, 1731 - 48 William Chambers, Pagoda at Kew Gardens, England, 1762 • Architecture spatializes the commodities of Company Colonialism/War Capitalism: - The English picturesque as the transposition of the practices of commodification and extraction in the colonies to the landscapes of England’s wealthy class William Kent, “Chinese House” at Stowe, England, ca. 1738 William Chambers, Pagoda at Kew Gardens, England, 1762 William Chambers, Dunmore Pineapple, Scotland, 1761 The Architecture of the ‘Enlightenment’ in a Global perspective Week 5 How does architecture communicate and become the embodiment of a message? How does architecture act as a dispositive to teach and train subjects? How did the Industrial Revolution pose new questions for Architecture? EPISODE 2: ARCHITECTURE OUGHT TO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Salt Works at Chaux Architecture Parlante EPISODE 3_ HAITI: THE ARCHITECTURE OF EMULATION FOR THE NEW STATE Sans Souci Citadelle Laferrière EPISODE 4_ USA: THE ARCHITECTURE OF EMULATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, FROM THE MANSION TO THE LAND Thomas Jefferson and the Enlightenment Monticello The Spatialization of the Enlightenment in the USA EPISODE 5_ TOWARDS INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM: FROM SPACES OF EXTRACTION TO SPACES OF PRODUCTION IN THE METROPOLE Industrial Capitalism The Neoclassicism of Liverpool The Industrial Revolution and its spatializing tools: new typologies The Enlightenment The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. Using the power of the press, Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, investigation, and religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas. THE IDEALS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT • Rationalism is the idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge. This was a sharp turn away from the prevailing idea that people needed to rely on scripture or church authorities for knowledge. • Empiricism promotes the idea that knowledge comes from experience and observation of the world. • Progressivism is the belief that through their powers of reason and observation, humans can make unlimited, linear progress over time; this belief was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the 17th century. • Cosmopolitanism reflected Enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world as opposed to provincial and close-minded individuals. In all, Enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice. Neoclassicism The revival of classical (Roman and Greek) architecture Enlightenment-driven movement that emphasized the values of reason, order, and civility. In some instances, this came with an aristocratic slant; in others, with a progressive emphasis on science and egalitarianism for which it was viewed as a corrective aimed at the excesses of aristocratic culture. In architecture, it featured a turn away from the curves, inventiveness, and mysteriousness of the Baroque toward a more rectilinear and transparent organization of space. Week 5: The Architecture of the ‘Enlightenment’ in a Global perspective Main points of the lecture: • Architecture seeks a new language to translate the new society of the Age of Revolutions: - The Enlightenment and Neoclassicism (contradictions and possibilities) - Architecture Parlante in France to embody the French Revolution ideals - The Architecture of Emulation in the Haiti - The Architecture of Emulation in the USA – from the mansion to the whole territory • From an Architecture of Emulation to the need to invent a new architectural language for new typologies: the Industrial Revolution: - Spaces of extraction within the metropole - Towards Industrial Capitalism - The role of Neoclassicism in the institutions of Liverpool - New typologies and new issues in transitioning into the Industrial city HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1776 -> US declaration of Independence 1789 -> French Revolution 1791 -> Slave Revolt in Haiti 1780s/1830s -> Industrial Revolution 1803-1815 -> Napoleonic Wars – reshuffling Europe and its colonies How does the Slave Revolution change the world? San Dominique and the Age of Revolutions: The Triangle Trade and the Slave Economy 1804-1824 Citadelle Laferrière The Triangle Trade 1808 Map of the Triangle Trade In December 1493 Columbus lands a fleet with 1500 soldiers on Hispaniola 1859 Dufour Map of Hispaniola Santo Domingo, Capital of the Spanish West Indies 1755 Map of the walled city (colonialzone-dr.com) Spanish influence on Hispaniola begins to erode when Francis Drake captures San Domingo 1589 The Battle of San Domingo The French colonize the western half of Hispaniola Colonial Map of Hispaniola (1863 Beard) Making Rum 1835 Slave boiling pots of sugar for rum, Martinique, French West Indies (University of Virginia) The economy of the Caribbean relied on addiction to Sugar Making Rum 1823 Exterior of a Distillery, Weatherills Estate, Antigua Making Rum 1823 Interior of a Distillery, Delaps Estate, Antigua The Revolutions in S. Dominique and France are simultaneous Touissant L’Ouverture (Left) and Napoleon Bonaparte (Right) (PD) ARCH 3620: Architecture from Renaissance through Modern Era Week 5 – Episode 2: Architecture ought to speak the language of the French Revolution Instructor: Giulia Amoresano email: gamoresano@cpp.edu Fall 2021 The Revolutions in S. Dominique and France are simultaneous Touissant L’Ouverture (Left) and Napoleon Bonaparte (Right) (PD) The Political Economy and the French Empire in 1788 Louis XVI Displays Charity in the Winter of 1788 Giclee Claude Nicholas Ledoux, Salt Works at Chaux, 1770s Claude Nicholas Ledoux, Salt Works at Chaux, 1770s Claude Nicholas Ledoux, Salt Works at Chaux, 1770s Claude Nicholas Ledoux, Salt Works at Chaux, 1770s Claude Nicholas Ledoux, House of the Director, Salt Works at Chaux, 1770s 1788-1789 1789 Burning the Bastille, Paris (PD) The Revolutions in S. Domingue and France are simultaneous Execution of Marie Antoinette The Revolutions in S. Domingue and France are simultaneous The Declaration of the Right of Men (1789) Let us install statues of our great men and lay their ashes to rest in its underground recesses Marquis de Vilette St Genevieve becomes the Pantheon, 1791 Étienne-Louis Boullée, Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton, 1784 Étienne-Louis Boullée, Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton, 1784 Étienne-Louis Boullée, Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton, 1784 Claude Nicholas Ledoux, Salt Works at Chaux in L’Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l’art, des moeurs et de la législation (“Architecture considered in relation to art, morals, and legislation”), 1804 Claude Nicholas Ledoux, House of the supervisors of the source of the Loue in L’Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l’art, des moeurs et de la législation (“Architecture considered in relation to art, morals, and legislation”), 1804 Claude Nicholas Ledoux, Project for an agricultural lodge in L’Architecture considérée sous le rapport de l’art, des moeurs et de la législation (“Architecture considered in rel...