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 1. Compare and contrast the political and social systems between Athens and Sparta.

 

 2. Contrast the results of the Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War with regard to Athens.

 

3. Explain how Alexander's conquests led the development of a new culture.

 

4. What united the Greeks in spite of divisions caused by geography and economic rivalry?

 

5. What are the key characteristics of the "polis"?

 

6. How did Pericles turn Athens into the cultural center of Greece?

 

7. In what ways did Kiev see itself as heirs to the Byzantines?

8. What are the basic beliefs of Islam?

9. List and describe the Five Pillars of Islam.

10. What are the similarities and the differences between Sunni and Shi’ites?

11. List and describe three ways Justinian tried to restore the glory of Rome to the Byzantine Empire.

12. What are the similarities among Islamic, Judaic, and Christian teachings?

13. How did the spread of Islam create an international trade network?

14. How did geography influence the development of Rome? How  did geography help Rome to build an empire?

 

15. What were the political reforms desired by Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus? Why di the Senate oppose these reforms? How did the conflict between the Senate and the Gracchi brothers eventually weaken the Roman Republic?

 

16. How did the Roman policies toward conquered peoples enable them to administer their large empire peacefully? Give examples. Also, give examples of the harsh side of Roman rule.

 

17. Explain how the policies of Augustus improved social and economic conditions in the Roman Empire.

 

18. Explain the military, political, and social reasons for the “fall’ of Rome.

 

19. What was the motivation behind the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine and what did they accomplish?