Test 1 - Review Vocabulary Microscope - types, uses and characteristics of each Metrics - basic units; meter, gram, liter Prefixes (smaller) - deci, centi, milli Prefixes (larger) - deka, hecto, kilo Microscopy unit - micron or micrometer; 1 millimeter = 1000 um Field of view Stain Microtome Petri dish, Agar Centrifuge Taxonomy Aristotle, Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature Latin Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus -Species Genus species name Variety - Breed or Race 5 Kingdoms- characteristics of each Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic Motile, non-motile Heterotroph, Autotroph Parasitism (-), Mutualism (+), Commensalism (o) Pathogen Decomposer Viruses 5 traits and characteristics of life Metabolism Homeostasis Stimuli Nonliving, Dead Organic - C and H, Inorganic Carbohydrates - uses; -ose Monosaccharides - glucose, formula Disaccharides - sucrose Polysaccharides - glycogen (animal), starch (plant), Cellulose (plant structure), chitin (some animal structure) Isomer Dehydration synthesis, Hydrolysis Enzymes, -ase Lipids - fats, oils, waxes Saturated fat (solid), unsaturated (liquid), trans fat Cholesterol Protein - amino acids; 20 essential Peptide bond - C-N Nucleic Acids - DNA, RNA; uses Nucleotide - 5-carbon sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base DNA - spiral or double helix; like a twisted ladder RNA - coding for proteins Nitrogenous bases - A-T, C-G Surface area to volume ratio - single celled vs

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Test 1 - Review Vocabulary Microscope - types, uses and characteristics of each Metrics - basic units; meter, gram, liter Prefixes (smaller) - deci, centi, milli Prefixes (larger) - deka, hecto, kilo Microscopy unit - micron or micrometer; 1 millimeter = 1000 um Field of view Stain Microtome Petri dish, Agar Centrifuge Taxonomy Aristotle, Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature Latin Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus -Species Genus species name Variety - Breed or Race 5 Kingdoms- characteristics of each Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic Motile, non-motile Heterotroph, Autotroph Parasitism (-), Mutualism (+), Commensalism (o) Pathogen Decomposer Viruses 5 traits and characteristics of life Metabolism Homeostasis Stimuli Nonliving, Dead Organic - C and H, Inorganic Carbohydrates - uses; -ose Monosaccharides - glucose, formula Disaccharides - sucrose Polysaccharides - glycogen (animal), starch (plant), Cellulose (plant structure), chitin (some animal structure) Isomer Dehydration synthesis, Hydrolysis Enzymes, -ase Lipids - fats, oils, waxes Saturated fat (solid), unsaturated (liquid), trans fat Cholesterol Protein - amino acids; 20 essential Peptide bond - C-N Nucleic Acids - DNA, RNA; uses Nucleotide - 5-carbon sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base DNA - spiral or double helix; like a twisted ladder RNA - coding for proteins Nitrogenous bases - A-T, C-G Surface area to volume ratio - single celled vs. multicellular cell - tissue - organ - system - organism Organelles Cell, plasma membrane; composition Cytoplasm Nucleus, Nucleolus Centrioles Mitochondria, Respiration Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi body Lysosomes Cell Wall Chloroplasts, Photosynthesis Vacuoles Differentiation Biochemistry 5 Functional Traits of Life 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Growth • For Unicellular (one cell) organisms, this is the increase in cell size prior to reproduction. • For Multicellular organisms, growth refers to an increase in an organism’s size, as the number of cells making up the organism increases. Obtain and Use Energy • All living organisms require an input of energy to power their activities. • Energy is the ability to do work. It is obtained from food, which they either make using the energy of sunlight or consume from the environment. • Chemical reactions convert that energy into usable forms. • The sum total of all these reactions is Sense and Respond to Stimuli • There are a variety of responses to _________or anything that causes a reaction. • They may move toward a food source or move away from a threatening predator. Maintain Homeostasis • Homeostasis is when organisms maintain a stable or relatively constant internal environment, even when the external environment changes. Reproduction • The process of producing new organisms. • Offspring are similar but not necessarily identical to their parents. • therefore is when an organism ceases or stops the five functional traits of life. • is defined as never being alive or exhibiting all the five functional traits. • Elements and molecules such as water, gases and minerals are examples of nonliving material. Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic compounds are -based molecules which also contain hydrogen. Methane CH4 • Inorganic compounds are molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen together. • Water or H2O and Carbon Dioxide or CO2 are common inorganic molecules. • Other important inorganic molecules in the human body are oxygen (O2) and salt (NaCl) Basic Organic Molecules • • • • Carbohydrates • A major food source and a key form of energy for most organisms. • They are called carbohydrates because the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen they contain are generally in proportion to form water with the general formula • Simple sugar or monosaccharide is the basic carbohydrate. • Glucose is a common monosaccharide and of central importance in the chemistry of life. • Sugars end in the suffix • Glucose and Fructose are both C6H12O6 and are isomers; same formula but different arrangement of their atoms. • The shape of molecules is important because it changes the properties. Fructose is much sweeter than glucose. • Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are combined. The most common is sucrose which we extract from plants to make table sugar. Hydrolysis or Digestion • Polysaccharides are long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. • Starch, a storage polysaccharide in plants, consists of long chains of glucose. • We store our excess glucose as a polysaccharide called glycogen. Most of it is stored in our liver and muscle cells. • Cellulose is one of the most abundant material on earth and it is a polysaccharide that makes up the tough cell walls of plants. • We do not have enzymes that can digest or hydrolyze cellulose so it is not a nutrient. • It does contribute to digestion though because it is insoluble fiber or roughage. • is the polysaccharide that makes up the hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans Lipids • • • • Fats are formed from molecule fatty acids and a glycerol • If all the carbons have the maximum amount of hydrogen, then it is called a fat. • Animal fats are saturated and are temperature. at room • Fats of plants and fish are usually unsaturated because the molecule is not packed as tightly. • It is at room temperature and called • fat or hydrogenated vegetable oil is good unsaturated fat converted into saturated fat • The main function of fats is long-term energy storage. • A gram of fat provides twice as much energy as a gram of polysaccharide. • is a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is an essential structural component of all animal (not plant or bacterial) cells. Tools in Biology Microscope • an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. •The first microscope to be developed was the optical or light microscope. It was an invention of eyeglass makers in the Netherlands. • In 1676, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek is credited with the development of this tool with his discovery of microorganisms. Types • Compound or light Microscope • Electron Microscope • Phase Contrast Microscope • Stereomicroscope or Dissecting Compound or light Microscope • Most common • Uses a light source and glass optics • This limits the magnification of an object Electron Microscope • uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. • Because the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, the electron microscope has a higher resolving power than a light microscope and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. Phase contrast Microscope •It reveals many cellular structures that are not visible with a simpler light microscope. •These structures were made visible by staining, but this required additional preparation and killed the cells. The phase contrast microscope made it possible for biologists to study living cells Light Microscope Phase contrast Microscope Stereomicroscope or Dissecting Microscope • an optical microscope designed for low magnification observation of a sample, typically using light reflected from the surface of an object rather than transmitted through it. • uses two separate optics (two objectives and eyepieces) to provide slightly different viewing angles to the left and right eyes. This arrangement produces a three-dimensional of the sample being examined Metrics • The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of measurement , based on 10’s Field of View • It is the area that you see when looking through the microscope. The field of view depends on the strength of magnification. The lower the power the larger the field of view Stain • Staining is a technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. • Stains and dyes usually kill or “fix” cells. Microtome • A tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material, known as sections. It allows for the preparation of samples for observation under light or electron microscopes. Petri Dish and Agar •A shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists use to culture cells •Agar is a jelly-like substance, obtained from algae • It is used to provide a growth medium in which microorganisms can be grown. Centrifuge •Separates out material according to their density. •In blood samples, whole cells (red, white, platelets) go to the bottom while the liquid part (plasma) stays on top. Taxonomy “The Science of Classification” The “Father’ of Biology First to classify organisms by where they lived! AIR WATER LAND Binomial Nomenclature “2-named system” *In Latin…..”Universal” language *Based on Structure Fruit fly Drosophilia melangaster “Black bellied Dew Lover” Kings Play Chess On Fiber Glass Stools *Breed *Race Can Interbreed and produce viable offspring! Classification uses a Dichotomous key. *2 choices of “this or that” through observation of characteristics! People confuse race with ethnicity All men of whatever race are currently classified by biologists as belonging to the one species, Homo sapiens. All races share 99.99+% of the same genetic materials! KINGDOMS FUNGI ANIMAL PLANT MONERA PROTISTA Animal •Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms •All animals are motile •All animals are heterotrophs •The word "animal" comes from the Latin word animalis, meaning "having breath" •The word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to nonhuman members of the kingdom Animalia. Plant •Plants are also multicellular eukaryotic organisms •Green plants have cell walls with cellulose and obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis •All animals are autotrophs •Plants are non-motile •Green plants provide most of the world's oxygen Protista •A protist is any eukaryote that is not an animal, (land) plant, or (true) fungus. •Can exhibit both plant and animal characteristics * For example, it might move around by specialized structures and also make its own food. Monera •Contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane) such as bacteria. •Bacteria are usually classified by their shape; round, rod and spiral •Bacteria can form complex associations with other organisms. •These symbiotic associations can be divided into parasitism, mutualism and commensalism. • Parasitism or pathogens (produce disease) • Mutualism or “friendly flora” (yogurt) •Commensalism or where one benefits and the other is unaffected (on your skin) Fungi •The group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms •Fungi are heterotrophs •Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems Viruses? •Viruses do not belong in any Kingdom as many scientists do not consider them living. •A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms •It contains a DNA or RNA coil that carry genetic information within a protein coat The Cell Animal Plant Animal and Plant cells are eukaryotic cells, or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. Unlike prokaryotic cells (like bacteria), DNA in animal and plant cells are housed within the nucleus In addition to having a nucleus, animal and plant cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles, or tiny cellular structures, that carry out specific functions necessary for normal cellular operation. • Cell (Plasma) Membrane - thin, semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents. Fluid Mosaic Model Cell or Plasma Membranes are composed of a LipoProtein “sandwich”; an outer and inner layer of lipids with protein molecules between the layers. • Cytoplasm - gel-like substance within the cell. • Nucleus - membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information. * 46 Chromosomes Genes DNA • Nucleolus - structure within the nucleus that helps in the synthesis of proteins. • Centrioles - cylindrical structures that organize the process of cell division. Only in animal cells. • Mitochondria - cell components that generate energy (ATP) for the cell and are the sites of cellular respiration. The “powerhouse” of the cell • Endoplasmic Reticulum - extensive network of membranes composed of both regions with ribosomes (rough ER) and regions without ribosomes (smooth ER). Involved with communication throughout the cell. • Ribosomes - consisting of RNA and proteins; ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. • Golgi Complex - also called the Golgi apparatus, this structure is responsible for manufacturing, storing and shipping certain cellular products (carbohydrates and proteins) • Lysosomes - sacs of enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids. (“Suicide sacs”) • Cell Wall – outer dead layer made of cellulose in plants; gives structure • Chloroplast – organelles found in plants; necessary for the process of photosynthesis. Collect light and with CO2 and H2O, makes glucose and oxygen. Animal cells are similar to plant cells in that they are both eukaryotic cells and have similar organelles. Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. While animal cells come in various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes, plant cells are more similar in size and are typically rectangular or cube shaped. Animals cells store energy in the form of the complex carbohydrate glycogen. Plant cells store energy as starch. Of the 20 amino acids needed to produce proteins, only 10 can be produced naturally in animal cells. The other so called essential amino acids must be acquired through diet. Plants are capable of synthesizing all 20 amino acids. Animal cells increase in size by increasing in cell numbers. Plant cells mainly increase cell size by becoming larger. They grow by absorbing more water into the central vacuole. Animal cells do not have a cell wall but have a cell membrane. Plant cells have a cell wall composed of cellulose as well as a cell membrane. A plant cell also contains structures not found in an animal cell. Some of these include a cell wall, a large vacuole, and plastids. Plastids, such as chloroplasts, assist in storing and harvesting needed substances for the plant. Animal cells also contain structures such as centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, and flagella that are not typically found in plant cells. In animal cells, only stem cells are capable of converting to other cell types. Most plant cell types are capable of differentiation. A cut stem can become a root.