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The Courts & Corrections

The dual court system in the United Sates refers to the judicial structure that consists of two independent court systems operating at different levels. The Supreme Court has federal jurisdiction while district and county courts operate at state level. Each state has its unique laws, which are the subject of these courts. The US Supreme Court interprets matters involving the constitution and federal laws. Either way, the federal courts and state courts operate independently from parliament and the executive. The dual judicial system operates as a check and balance to the power or jurisdiction of federal courts (United States Courts, 2021).

Jurisdiction of Federal Courts

Federal courts deal with cases involving national laws enacted by Congress and matters involving interpretation and implementation of the US Constitution. The federal courts also deal with cases whose impact is felt across different states or serious crimes like counterfeiting, drug smuggling and human trafficking. The courts also hear disputes between states and disputes between US States or citizens and foreign countries or citizens (United States Courts, 2021). .

Jurisdiction of State Courts

State courts have jurisdiction over all matters, which cannot be heard at federal courts. This includes cases in family law, labor law, probate disputes and violation of state and local laws. Article VI of the Minnesota Constitution creates the judiciary branch consisting of three levels: a supreme court, a court of appeals and district courts. The Supreme Court decides and reviews cases involving interpretation of the state constitution, common law and general statues affecting the public. It also regulates lower courts and oversees certain bodies involved in public service and legal aid. The main function of courts of appeals is to review decisions of district courts for errors of law or strength of evidence to support a verdict. District courts determine matters involving criminal and civil cases (Johnson, 2019). They also litigate cases involving probate, juvenile and family matters.

The US Federal Correctional System

The government in 1891 established the federal correctional system. The Three Prison Act established the first three federal prisons in Leavenworth, UPS Atlanta and McNeil Island. Before the first Federal prison was set up at Leavenworth, federal prisoners were held in state prisons. Today, the Federal Bureau of Prisons incarcerates inmates who have committed federal crimes. The department of justice formed the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1930 to manage and regulate all federal penal and correctional institutions. There are currently more than 2 million people incarcerated in prisons in the United States of America. No other country has achieved this figure (Sweet,2020). The Federal Bureau of Prisons opened Alcatraz prison in San Francisco Bay to hold inmates who posed a high security risk or violence.

Minnesota Correctional System

Congress erected the first territorial prison at Stillwater in 1853 through an appropriation of $20,000. In 1858 Minnesota became a state and the territorial prison became a state prison. The second correctional institution was the House of Refuge for juveniles, which was built in 1867. Orphan Asylums were introduced in 1878 to fight delinquency. A botched execution in 1906 led to a lot of public outcry that eventually resulted in the death penalty being repealed. In 1912, an approval was made for construction of a new prison at Bayport. The new prison was opened in 1914 easing the problems of spacing and living conditions at Stillwater. The Minnesota Probation and Parole Association was established in 1933. It later became the Minnesota Department of Corrections (Minnesota Department of Corrections, 2021). The Minnesota Department of Corrections was formed in 1959. The Department of Corrections celebrated its 50^th anniversary in 2009.

References

Johnson, B. (2019). The Minnesota Judiciary: A Guide for Legislators. Minnesota House Research Department. Retrieved from: https://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/judiciary.pdf

Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2021). Agency Background History. Retrieved from: https://mn.gov/doc/about/agency-background-history/

Sweet, J. (2020). History of the US prison system. Retrieved from: https://stacker.com/stories/4894/history-us-prison-system

United States Courts (2021). Comparing Federal and State Courts. Retrieved from: https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts

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Final Answer

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Age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and race can impact whether a person votes

Nonvoters are often more likely to be low-income, young, Hispanic, or Asian American, according to research.

Numerous impediments frequently obstruct those living in poverty, and the 2012 US census revealed that 47% of eligible citizens with household incomes of less than $20,000 did not vote. According to a survey done by Caltech and MIT of registered and non-registered voters did not vote in the 2008 election, individuals of color are more likely to abstain from voting because they face more impediments to voting, in comparison to white citizens who abstain from voting voluntarily. Numerous laws and institutional systems, ranging from early voting restrictions to voter identification requirements, disproportionately affect people of color and contribute to voter suppression throughout the country.

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