1) State the functions of the Respiratory system.

2. Name and briefly describe the Organs of the Respiratory System.

3. Trace the flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli.

4. Name the cells of the alveolus and their function.

5. What are the Brainstem Respiratory Centers and what is their function.

6. What is Spirometry and list respiratory volumes in Spirometry.

7. Name couple of variations in Respiratory Rhythms.

8. Name 3 respiratory disorders.

9. Identify the 3 lines of defense against pathogens. ( know the difference between nonspecific resistance and immunity.

10. Describe the process of inflammation and explain what accounts for its cardinal signs.

11. Name lymphatic cells, tissues and organs.

12. List the functions of lymphatic system.

13. Briefly explain how lymph forms and returns to the bloodstream.

 

Q1. Respiratory system functions.

The respiratory system enables an individual to smell and talk, warms the air taken in to match the body temperature, removes waste such as carbon dioxide, and supplies oxygen to the body cells.

Q2. Respiratory system organs.

Lungs: This organ is essential in ensuring oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body. It takes the largest space in people’s chests.

Larynx: This organ functions as a funnel by allowing fresh hair to pass from the environment into people’s bodies.

Pharynx: This organ is responsible for conducting air to the larynx from the nasal cavities.

Trachea: This organ is also known as the windpipe. It is a passage of air.

Bronchi: These are organs that enable air to move in as well as out of the lungs.

Mouth: Often, hair enters the body through the mouth or the nose.

Q3. The flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli.

From the nose, the air moves through the pharynx, then the trachea, then to the bronchi, then to the bronchioles, then finally to the alveoli.

Q4. The alveolus cells and their function.

Alveolus has immune cells known as “alveolar macrophages,” which resembles “garbage trucks” of the immunity system (Marcus, 2010). This cell assists in cleaning the particles breathed.

Type I pneumocytes: These cells are responsible for gas exchange.

Type II pneumocytes: These cells are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactants.

Q5. Brainstem Respiratory Centers.

Brainstem Respiratory Centers is a basic respiratory control center. The key function is to direct signals into the muscles, leading to breathing.

Q6. Spirometry and volumes in Spirometry.

A spirometer is the measure of air volume that an individual takes in and out of the lungs. Examples of volumes in Spirometry are “tidal (TV), inspiratory reserve (IRV), expiratory reserve (ERV), and residual volumes (RV)” (Susan Heinrichs Gray, 2014).

Q7. Respiratory Rhythms.

The breathing rhythm is normally regular and constant, depending on the pauses between breaths.

Q8. Respiratory disorders.

The three respiratory disorders are COVID-19, Pneumonia, and Asthma

Q9. The three lines of defense against pathogens.

The three lines of the immune system defense against pathogens are specific adaptive response, chemical and physical barriers, and non-specific innate response.

Q10. The process of inflammation.

The inflammation process involves acute, the swelling stage, sub-acute involving regenerative stage, and the chronic process involving tissue remodeling and maturation stage. On the other hand, the cardiac signs include redness, heat, pain, loss of function, and swelling.

Q11. Lymphatic cells, tissues, and organs.

The lymphatic cells, tissues, and organs include lymph nodes, BALT, NALT, tonsils, as well as adenoids.

Q12. The functions of the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system is essential in protecting people’s bodies against illness-causing invaders, removing cellular waste, and maintaining the human body’s fluid.

Q13. Briefly explain how lymph forms and returns to the bloodstream.

Lymph forms due to the Lymphatic vessels emptying lymph in the left and right lymphatic duct. The ducts links with the subclavian vein that returns lymph into an individual bloodstream.