Born A Crime Assignment A week before the assignment is due you will submit a thesis statement defining the argument to a prompt provided. You will then complete an Annotated Bibliography worth 50 points. The annotated Bibliography will provide the proper citations for the book, one other secondary source, and two primary sources – all in correct Chicago Manual of Style formatting. Each source annotation will be a minimum of 6 sentences, explaining why the source is necessary for your argument (thesis). You will then earn the remaining 50 points via one of the below options (CHOOSE ONE): • Complete a 1500-word Essay response to your thesis in proper Chicago Style Formatting, utilizing the sources from your Annotated Bibliography • Participating in an in class discussion with your peers, arguing your thesis and utilizing your sources from your Annotated Bibliography Born A Crime Thesis Statement – 10 points Your Thesis Statement is one (sometimes two) sentence illustrating your argument for your paper/discussion. This is in response to the Prompt provided: Relate South African Apartheid to American Jim Crow and treatment of Native Americans. Born A Crime Annotated Bibliography An Annotated Bibliography requires you to analyze why you have selected a source to use as evidence to your argument. Each correct entry will have the proper Chicago formatted bibliographical entry for your source, followed by a paragraph explain how your source is necessary for your argument (thesis). Total Points: 50 Requirements: 10 points for each annotation, and 10 points for correct formatting and length • • • • Chicago Manual of Style Formatting Minimum of 6 Sentences for each annotation 2 Primary Sources 2 Secondary Sources (1 source is the book) Born a Crime Essay Requirements: 10pts • • 1500 words – in the main body of the essay Formatted with the Chicago Manual of Style o Suggested format guides are: A Pocket Guide to Writing History by Mary Lynn Rampolla and A Pocket Style Manual by Diana Hacker Prompt: Relate South African Apartheid to American Jim Crow and treatment of Native Americans Rubric: 40pts total Criteria Excellent (10pts) Good (8pts) Acceptable (5pts) Argument Central argument is obvious to the reader. Central argument is not consistently clear throughout. Content Presentation of information is clear and shows in-depth analysis of the sources. The reader gains important insights. Utilizes more than one primary source. Ideas are arranged logically and lead into one another, creating a smooth line of reasoning. Central argument is clear, but writer digresses occasionally. Presentation of information is clear and shows reasonable support through decent analysis of sources. The reader gains some insights. Presentation of information is inconsistent and shows a general analysis of sources. The reader gains little insight. Presentation of information is unclear with vague or no analysis of sources. Reader is left with no insights. Ideas are arranged logically and generally lead into one another so the reader can follow the line of reasoning. The writing is engaging and generally keeps the readers interest. Ideas are somewhat arranged; the reader can parse together the writer’s intention. Ideas are not arranged in any logical order and the reader cannot follow the argument. The writing has some compelling moments but is overall unengaging. The writing has little to engage the reader. Organization Quality The writing is compelling and original, maintaining the readers interest. Unacceptable (2pts) No clear argument. Born A Crime Discussion Requirements: 5 pts • • One must speak to gain any points One must be respectful of others ideas throughout the discussion Discussion Rubric – 45pt Criteria Excellent (15pts) Good (12pts) Acceptable (9pts) Content Supports statements with evidence (sources/statistics), has full knowledge of subject, answers all questions competently. Has the groups full attention, makes eye contact with others, drives the discussion. Has strong enthusiasm for topic, convinces group of their argument’s validity. Utilizes some source material as evidence. Answers all questions well, but without elaboration. Can answer basic questions, uncomfortable with the material. Uses questionable evidence to support claims. Maintains the groups attention, interacts often with moderate eye contact. Has some enthusiasm, provides some understanding to group. Makes no eye contact, chimes in occasionally but not compelling. Does not engage with group at all Has little enthusiasm and provides understanding on few points. Shows no enthusiasm and provides no additional understanding of the topic. Delivery Awareness Unacceptable (5pts) Has no grasp on the material and doesn’t use any source material.
 

Annotated Bibliography

Berard, Adrienne. 2016. Water Tossing Boulders: How a Family of Chinese Immigrants Led the First Fight to Desegregate Schools in the Jim Crow South. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press; Not so much is mentioned during the Jim Crow era about the Native Americans even though they also faced racial segregation. This book, however, narrates a story of an Asian family that faced the brutal effects of the Jim Crow laws.

Bernado, Carla. 2021. "District Six: Lessons in remembering." University of Cape Town News. February 11.  Bernado, Carla takes us through a journey of the district six in Cape Town from the apartheid period to present day using relevant and up to date statistics. In my discussion, I point out on the urban cities segregation in South Africa during the apartheid and therefore, this document is relevant in my thesis.

Noah , Treavor. 2017. Born a Crime. London, England: John Murray; The author, Trevor Noah narrates his childhood stories in a hilarious and intellect manner that ideally, characterizes his comedy. He creatively illuminating a dark and brutal period in South Africa’s apartheid history pointing out features that are relevant to my discussion, such as the abolishment of interracial marriage.

Rothstein, Richard . 2017. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Los Angeles, California : Liveright,. The author explores the unintended consequences of economic forces, how the American government systematically imposed residential segregation. Just like in the Jim Crowe era, Rothstein reinforces how the American Government has fostered racial zoning; public housing that purposefully segregated previously mixed communities. His study on Racial segregation on the contemporary American world motivated me to use the book as a reference to my thesis.

The Relation between South African Apartheid to American Jim Crow and treatment of Native Americans.

Thesis: This paper seeks to analyze the relation between South African Apartheid to American Jim Crow and the treatment of Native Americans.

Body: South Africa shares many of the features of structural racism that are found in the United States.

1. Education segregation: With the Jim Crow laws in place, the curricula for Black schools were limited. South African government also imposed laws that favored white students, Bantu Act.
2. Racial segregation in urban cities; American minorities live mainly in “ghettos’ while South African communities were displaced from city centers and returned to their homelands.
3. Forbidden rights to vote; Native Americans also had difficulty acquiring voting rights because they were considered non-citizens. Much like in the United States, black South African’s were prohibited from voting.
4. In conclusion, both countries had enlightened leadership to lead their countries out of their segregationist pasts.

The Relation between South African Apartheid to American Jim Crow and treatment of Native Americans.

Undoubtedly, the phenomenon of people being categorized along white, Black, or colored lines is a social construct. Racial tensions and societal manifestations worldwide have fostered many Civil rights laws, especially in countries with diverse populations like America and South Africa. Geographically, the United States and South Africa appear very different. However, these two nations have some similarities in their histories, such as diversity in their populations, both countries had racial discrimination. The latter will be our point of focus in this discussion.  In the ideal world, both countries discriminated against non-white citizens in the twentieth century. Apartheid was a set of laws and policies that entrenched segregation in South Africa. Similar regulations were enacted in the United States, known as "Jim Crow" legislation. Both institutions were built with the intent of segregating and disenfranchising non-white people. Being an African country, it is more than evident that Blacks dominate South Africa and have a majority voice in their nation. On the contrary, the white population implemented domineering tactics over Black South Africans for the longest time. Alternatively, the minority groups in America have historically been enslaved and oppressed. South Africa shares many of the features of structural racism that are found in the United States. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the relation between South African Apartheid to American Jim Crow and the treatment of Native Americans.

To fully understand this relation, it is essential to have an in-depth understanding of the American Jim Crow and the South African Apartheid. Ideally, immediately following the Civil War, different amendments were passed, like the 13^th Amendment to abolish slavery. This was indeed a relief to many minority groups in the United States, especially the Black Americans. However, this freedom was short-lived. Not long after, most states of the former Confederacy adopted Black Codes and enacted laws, such as the Jim Crow laws that intended to limit the new freedom of the minority groups. Jim Crow referred to the racial caste system that maintained racial segregation in the Southern United States from 1877 to the mid-1960s.[1]. African Americans were treated as second-class citizens under the Jim Crow era. These laws upheld a vicious racial hierarchy in southern states. Evidently, the Jim Crow system was undergirded by the beliefs that whites were superior to blacks in all important ways. There were different discriminatory laws that Jim Crow imposed. Primarily, Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that blacks were introduced to whites, never whites to blacks, and more so, a black male could not shake hands with a white male because it implied social equality between the blacks and the whites. Secondly, blacks were prohibited from eating with whites. If, in any case, they did eat together, whites were to be served first and be separated from the blacks. Likewise, whites attended separate schools and churches, and white motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections. In reality, Jim Crow laws led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided to white Americans.

On the other hand, Apartheid, described as “apartness” in the language of Afrikaans, was a political and social system that upheld segregationist policies against non-white citizens of South Africa. It existed in the twentieth century, from 1948 until the early-1990s. In the 18948 elections, the National Party gained power in South Africa. Being an all-white government, they immediately began enforcing strict political, economic, and racial segregation policies against non-whites. The apartheid laws, through the Population Registration Act of 1950, classified all South Africans as either Bantu (all Black Africans), Coloured (those of mixed race), or white. Similarly, the apartheid laws forced racial groups to live separately and develop separately from the whites. Being a social system, it tried to stop all inter-marriage and social integration between racial groups. Through the Apartheid laws, the whites cruelly punished the blacks who disagreed with the imposed rules. As Trevor Noah states in his book, being born to a black South African mother and a white Swiss father during Apartheid was considered illegal, and therefore, he was "born a crime."[2]”. In reality, the apartheid laws only favoured the white population.

Evidently, the South African Apartheid and American Jim Crow have some similarities. To begin with, both laws in the two nations supported academic segregation. With the Jim Crow laws in place, the curricula for Black schools were limited. White leaders believed that black children were not supposed to be exposed to concepts like freedom and equality. These dynamics between blacks and whites contributed to many black children being deprived of attending school altogether. Additionally, most schools designated for black children were deprived of funding, which exacerbated the education disparity between Blacks and whites during that time. The Jim Crow system had jeopardized the black education system in a way that it was uncommon to find a black student in universities. Like the Jim Crow laws on education, the all-white South African government also imposed laws that favoured white students. These leaders devised a racially discriminatory curriculum by introducing the Bantu Education Act. This act effectively extended apartheid to black schools. This distinct curriculum ensured Blacks did not support higher education, and the blacks were confined to work only low-level jobs. Similar to the black-American schools, Bantu schools suffered from government neglect and enormous funding disparities.

Another similarity that is evident in the South African Apartheid and American Jim Crow is the demographics in both cities. During the Jim Crow reign, the urban areas were developed for the white population, and the minority population was forced to live in what was referred to as the "ghettos." Residents of these areas faced challenges in accessing transportation, technology, and government utilities. Worse of, the minority groups in America were forbidden from accessing city recreational sites like public parks. Sadly, the wave of native American’s immigration forced them to adapt to the Jim Crow rules.  Likewise, the development of South Africa’s cities during the apartheid resulted in an affluent white residing in the established zones with Africans living outside the cities. African communities were displaced from city centers and returned to their homelands. Non-white communities would be pushed out and away from predominantly white neighborhoods. For instance, District six in Cape Town, which was established in 1867, was considered a white area zone and had over sixty thousand black inhabitants forcefully removed[3]. Much Like in South Africa, slum areas in America were considered non-white neighborhoods.

As we all know, a country cannot be a true democracy if all it citizen cannot exercise their right to vote. Jim Crow laws enacted in the Southern States excluded minority groups from voting. Many black leaders tried to fight for their rights, but in turn, the white supremacy formed a ruthless disciplinary organization known as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The KKK grew into a secret society terrorizing Black communities. The Native Americans also had difficulty acquiring voting rights because they were considered non-citizens. Much like in the United States, black South African’s were prohibited from voting. The white rulers stripped off all the voting rules, and it was not until the year 1994 when the blacks could vote again.

South Africa’s apartheid shows a long-term conflict between the white settlers and the indigenous black population. On the other hand, the United States' racial history involves black Americans, indigenous Native Americans, and their descendants. It is undeniable that white settlers in South Africa and the American colonies came into contact with indigenous peoples. The indigenous population, or native Americans, had to be confronted by the distinct American colonies. Native Americans were generally relocated from white settlements to reserves, where they typically lacked resources. Undoubtedly, we are all well aware of the Civil Rights movements for the African Americans to achieve equality, but much more unfamiliar with the struggles of Native American immigrants to achieve equality.

In conclusion, both countries had enlightened leadership to lead their countries out of their segregationist pasts. The end to Apartheid in South Africa and Jim Crow in the United States did not solve issues of racial segregation. In America, the post-World War II time saw an increment in social liberties exercises in the African American people group, with an attention on guaranteeing that Black residents had the right to vote; however, not many of the civil activities represented the Native Americans.[4]. On the bright side, the civil rights movement resulted in the removal of Jim Crow laws. However, even with the removal of Jim Crow laws, we still see some evidence of racial segregation, especially among the native Americans.

Bibliography

Berard, Adrienne. 2016. Water Tossing Boulders: How a Family of Chinese Immigrants Led the First Fight to Desegregate Schools in the Jim Crow South. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press.

Bernado, Carla. 2021. "District Six: Lessons in remembering." University of Cape Town News. February 11. https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2021-02-11-district-six-lessons-in-remembering.

Noah , Treavor. 2017. Born a Crime. London, England: John Murray.

Rothstein, Richard . 2017. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Los Angeles, California : Liveright,.