CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE

ASSIGNMENT: Write a review of the assigned chapter(s) from the textbook or external reading.

CONTENT: The review should include the following:

1. Summary: A summary (in your own words) of the author’s main points (3-5 points) should be included in the introduction. Summarize the topic of the chapter and explain the primary ideas as well as how the author supports those ideas in your own words (evidence, sources, examples).

2. Evaluation: An overall evaluation of the chapter is required. Whether you love the chapter or agree with everything the author has to say is inconsequential. In thinking about your evaluation consider: What was most interesting about the chapter and why? What did you learn about this topic? How did in the chapter change/alter/impact any previous ideas you might have had about the topic? What additional real life connections can you make with the main points from the chapter to the workplace or other technical communication environments? Did the author cover the topic as well as you expected? Was the information organized in a way flowed and was easy to understand or was it unorganized, dense, and filled with too much jargon making it hard to understand? What questions about the topic did the chapter not answer?

Avoid writing one sentence responses such as, “I liked/did not like the chapter” or “I learned a lot from the chapter” or simply stating that the chapter was “good”, “bad”, and/or that the author “did a great/poor job.” These types of responses will not suffice. Be able to support your evaluation with specific concrete examples.

3. Conclusion: A short conclusion which links your summary and evaluation will end your review. Ideally the conclusion should reemphasize the main points and leave the reader with something to reflect on. For example, did the author accomplish his/her purpose? Would you recommend this chapter to another student who is beginning his or her technical writing journey? CASE 21: Understanding the Claim-and-Support Structure for Presentation Graphics You have been invited to a student conference to make an oral presentation of a paper you wrote for a class. Because you do not have much experience delivering presentations, you run a few ideas by a friend, who offers great pointers. She’s offered to look at your revised slides, so you need to get to work creating the slides and determining the best organization scheme for them. To get started on your presentation, go to LaunchPad. Appendix: Reference Handbook Part A. Skimming Your Sources and Taking Notes Paraphrasing Quoting Summarizing Part B. Documenting Your Sources APA Style TUTORIAL: How To Cite a Database in APA Style TUTORIAL: How To Cite a Website in APA Style IEEE Style MLA Style TUTORIAL: How To Cite a Book in MLA Style TUTORIAL: How To Cite an Article in MLA Style TUTORIAL: How To Cite a Website in MLA Style TUTORIAL: How To Cite a Database in MLA Style Part C. Editing and Proofreading Your Documents Punctuation Mechanics Proofreading Symbols and Their Meanings Part D. Guidelines for Multilingual Writers (ESL) Cultural and Stylistic Communication Issues Sentence-Level Issues Part A: Skimming Your Sources and Taking Notes To record the information that will eventually go into your document, you need to skim your potential sources and take notes. Don’t try to read every potential source. A careful reading of a work that looks promising might prove disappointing. You might also get halfway through a book and realize that you must start writing immediately in order to submit your document on time. Skimming will not always tell you whether a book or article is going to be useful, but it can tell you if a work is not going to be useful — because it doesn’t cover your subject, for example, or because it is too superficial or too advanced. Eliminating the sources you don’t need will give you more time to spend on the ones you do. GUIDELINES: Skimming Books and Articles To skim effectively, look at the following parts of books and articles. In a book, skim In an article, skim the preface and introduction: to understand the writer’s approach and methods the acknowledgments section: to learn about help the author received from other experts in the field or about the author’s use of primary research or other resources the table of contents: to understand the book’s scope and organization the abstract: to get an overview of the article’s content the introduction: to understand the article’s purpose, main ideas, and organization the notes and references: to understand the nature and extent of the author’s research the headings and several of the paragraphs: to understand the article’s organization and the quality and relevance of the information the notes at the ends of chapters or at the end of the book: to understand the nature and extent of the author’s research the index: to determine the extent of the coverage of the information you need a few paragraphs from different portions of the text: to gauge the quality and relevance of the information Note taking is often the first step in writing a document. The best way to take notes is electronically. If you can download files from the Internet, download bibliographic references from a CD-ROM database, and take notes on a laptop, you will save a lot of time and prevent many errors. If you do not have access to these electronic tools, get a pack of note cards. Most note taking involves three kinds of activities: paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing. Knowing how to paraphrase, quote, and summarize is important for two reasons: To a large extent, your note taking will determine the quality of your finished product. You want to record information accurately and clearly. Mistakes made at this point can be hard to catch later, and they can ruin your document. You want to use your sources responsibly. You don’t want to plagiarize unintentionally. For a discussion of plagiarism, see Appendix, Part B, p. 620. GUIDELINES: Recording Bibliographic Information Record the bibliographic information for each source from which you take notes. Information to record for a book author Information to record for an article author title title of article publisher title of periodical place of publication volume year of publication number call number or URL date of publication pages on which article appears call number or URL of periodical For electronic sources, record any additional relevant information such as identifying numbers, database name, and retrieval data. Paraphrasing A paraphrase is a restatement, in your own words, of someone else’s words. If you simply copy someone else’s words — even a mere two or three in a row if the phrasing is distinctive — you must use quotation marks. In taking notes, what kind of material should you paraphrase? Any information that you think might be useful: background data, descriptions of mechanisms or processes, test results, and so forth. Figure A.1 shows a paraphrased passage based on the following discussion. The author is explaining the concept of performance-centered design. FIGURE A.1 Inappropriate and Appropriate Paraphrased Notes Original Passage In performance-centered design, the emphasis is on providing support for the structure of the work as well as the information needed to accomplish it. One of the best examples is TurboTax®, which meets all the three main criteria of effective performance-centered design: People can do their work with no training on how to use the system. People trying to do their income taxes have no interest in taking any kind of training. They want to get their taxes filled out correctly and quickly, getting all the deductions they are entitled to. These packages, over the years, have moved the interface from a forms-based one, where the user had to know what forms were needed, to an interview-based one that fills out the forms automatically as you answer questions. The design of the interface assumes no particular computer expertise. The system provides the right information at the right time to accomplish the work. At each step in the process, the system asks only those questions that are relevant based on previous answers. The taxpayer is free to ask for more detail or may proceed through a dialog that asks more-detailed questions if the taxpayer doesn’t know the answer to the higher-level question. If a taxpayer is married filing jointly, the system presents only those questions for that filing status. Both tasks and systems change as the user understands the system. When I first used TurboTax 6 years ago I found myself going to the forms themselves. Doing my taxes generally took about 2 days. Each year I found my need to go to the forms to be less and less. Last year, it took me about 2 hours to do my taxes, and I looked at the forms only when I printed out the final copy. GUIDELINES: Paraphrasing Accurately Study the original until you understand it thoroughly. Rewrite the relevant portions of the original. Use complete sentences, fragments, or lists, but don’t compress the material so much that you’ll have trouble understanding it later. Title the information so that you’ll be able to identify its subject at a glance. The title should include the general subject and the author’s attitude or approach to it, such as “Criticism of open-sea pollution-control devices.” Include the author’s last name, a short title of the article or book, and the page number (if any) of the original. You will need this information later in citing your source. Quoting Sometimes you will want to quote a source, either to preserve the author’s particularly well-expressed or emphatic phrasing or to lend authority to your discussion. Avoid quoting passages of more than two or three sentences; otherwise, your document will look like a mere compilation. Your job is to integrate an author’s words and ideas into your own thinking, not merely to introduce a series of quotations. Although you probably won’t be quoting long passages in your document, recording a complete quotation in your notes will help you recall its meaning and context more accurately when you are ready to integrate it into your own work. For more about formatting quotations, see “Quotation Marks,” “Ellipses,” and “Square Brackets” in Appendix, Part C. For a discussion of how to document quotations, see Appendix, Part B. The simplest form of quotation is an author’s exact statement: As Jones states, “Solar energy won’t make much of a difference for at least a decade.” To add an explanatory word or phrase to a quotation, use brackets: As Nelson states, “It [the oil glut] will disappear before we understand it.” Use ellipses (three spaced dots) to show that you are omitting part of an author’s statement: ORIGINAL STATEMENT “The generator, which we purchased in May, has turned out to be one of our wisest investments.” ELLIPTICAL QUOTATION “The generator … has turned out to be one of our wisest investments.” According to the documentation style recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA), if the author’s original statement has ellipses, you should add brackets around the ellipses that you introduce: ORIGINAL STATEMENT “I think reuse adoption offers … the promise to improve business in a number of ways.” ELLIPTICAL QUOTATION “I think reuse adoption offers … the promise to improve business […] .” Summarizing Summarizing is the process of rewriting a passage in your own words to make it shorter while still retaining its essential message. Writers summarize to help them learn a body of information or to create a draft of one or more of the summaries that will go into the document. Most long technical documents contain several kinds of summaries: a letter of transmittal (see page 481) that provides an overview of the document an abstract (see page 481), a brief technical summary an executive summary (see page 485), a brief nontechnical summary directed to the manager a conclusion (see page 480) that draws together a complicated discussion The guidelines and examples in this section explain how to summarize the printed information you uncover in your research. GUIDELINES: Summarizing The following advice focuses on extracting the essence of a passage by summarizing it. Read the passage carefully several times. Underline key ideas. Look for them in the titles, headings, topic sentences, transitional paragraphs, and concluding paragraphs. Combine key ideas. Study what you have underlined. Paraphrase the underlined ideas. Don’t worry about your grammar, punctuation, or style at this point. Check your draft against the original for accuracy and emphasis. Check that you have recorded statistics and names correctly and that your version of a complicated concept faithfully represents the original. Check that you got the proportions right; if the original devotes 20 percent of its space to a particular point, your draft should not devote 5 percent or 50 percent to that point. Record the bibliographic information carefully. Even though a summary might contain all your own words, you still must cite your source, because the main ideas are someone else’s. If you don’t have the bibliographic information in an electronic form, put it on a note card. Figure A.2 on page 618 is a narrative history of electric cars addressed to the general reader. Figure A.3 on page 619 is a summary that includes the key terms. This summary is 25 percent of the length of the original. FIGURE A.2 Original Passage FIGURE A.3 Summary of the Original Passage Part B: Documenting Your Sources Documentation identifies the sources of the ideas and the quotations in your document. Documentation consists of the citations in the text throughout your document and the reference list (or list of works cited) at the end of your document. Documentation serves three basic functions: It helps you acknowledge your debt to your sources. Complete and accurate documentation is a professional obligation, a matter of ethics. Failure to document a source, whether intentional or unintentional, is plagiarism. At most colleges and universities, plagiarism can mean automatic failure of the course and, in some instances, suspension or expulsion. In many companies, it is grounds for immediate dismissal. It helps you establish credibility. Effective documentation helps you place your document within the general context of continuing research and helps you define it as a responsible contribution to knowledge in the field. Knowing how to use existing research is one mark of a professional. It helps your readers find your source in case they want to read more about a particular subject. Three kinds of material should always be documented: Any quotation from a written source or an interview, even if it is only a few words. For more about quoting and paraphrasing sources, see Appendix, Part A. A paraphrased idea, concept, or opinion gathered from your reading. There is one exception. An idea or concept so well known that it has become general knowledge, such as Einstein’s theory of relativity, needs no citation. If you are unsure about whether an item is general knowledge, document it, just to be safe. Any graphic from a written or an electronic source. Cite the source for a graphic next to the graphic or in the reference list. For an online source, be sure to include a retrieval statement, URL, or DOI in the bibliographic entry. If you are publishing your work, you must also obtain permission to use any graphic protected by copyright. For more about using graphics from other sources, see Ch. 12, p. 298. Just as organizations have their own rules for formatting and punctuation, many organizations also have their own documentation styles. For documents prepared in the workplace, find out your organization’s style and abide by it. Check with your instructor to see which documentation system to use in the documents you write for class. The documentation systems included in this section of the appendix are based on the following style manuals: Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2010). Washington, DC: APA. This system, referred to as APA style, is used widely in the social sciences. IEEE editorial style manual [PDF]. (2016). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. This manual provides editorial guidelines for IEEE transactions, journals, and letters, but it is often used for the production of technical documents in areas ranging from computer engineering, biomedical technology, and telecommunications to electric power, aerospace, and consumer electronics. MLA handbook (8th ed.). (2016). New York: Modern Language Association. This system, referred to as MLA style, is used widely in the humanities. Other organizations may prefer one of the following published style guides. GENERAL University of Chicago. Chicago manual of style (17th ed.). (2017). Chicago, IL: Author. See also http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html BUSINESS American Management Association. (2009). The AMA style guide for business writing. New York, NY: AMACOM. See also http://www.amanet.org CHEMISTRY American Chemical Society. (2006). ACS style guide: Effective communication of scientific information (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Oxford University Press. See also http://www.acs.org GEOLOGY Adkins-Heljeson, M., Bates, R. L., & Buchanan, R. (Eds.). (1995). Geowriting: A guide to writing, editing, and printing in earth science (5th rev. ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute. See also http://www.agiweb.org GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS U.S. Government Printing Office. (2008). Style manual (30th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. See also http://www.gpo.gov JOURNALISM Kent, T., Schwartz, J., Minthorn, D., & Froke, P. (Eds.). (2016). Associated Press stylebook 2016. New York, NY: Associated Press. See also www.ap.org LAW Columbia Law Review, Harvard Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and Yale Law Journal. (2015). The bluebook: A uniform system of citation (20th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association. See also http://www.legalbluebook.com MATHEMATICS Higham, N. J. (1998). Handbook of writing for the mathematical sciences (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. See also http://www.siam.org MEDICINE American Medical Association. (2007). American Medical Association manual of style (10th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. See also www.amamanualofstyle.com NATURAL SCIENCES Council of Science Editors. (2006). Scientific style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers (7th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. See also http://www.councilscienceeditors.org PHYSICS American Institute of Physics, Publication Board. (1990). Style manual for guidance in the preparation of papers (4th ed.). New York, NY: Author. See also http://www.aip.org POLITICAL SCIENCE American Political Science Association. (2006). Style manual for political science (rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author. See also http://www.apsanet.org SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL WRITING National Information Standards Organization. (2005). Scientific and technical reports — Preparation, presentation and preservation. Bethesda, MD: Author. See also http://www.niso.org Rubens, P. (Ed.). (2000). Science and technical writing: A manual of style (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. SOCIOLOGY American Sociological Association. (2014). American Sociological Association style guide (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. See also http://www.asanet.org APA Style APA (American Psychological Association) style consists of two elements: citations in the text and a list of references at the end of the document. APA Style for Textual Citations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Summarized or Paraphrased Material Quoted Material or Specific Fact Source with Multiple Authors Source Authored by an Organization Source with an Unknown Author Multiple Authors with the Same Last Name Multiple Sources in One Citation Personal Communication Electronic Document APA Style for Reference List Entries BOOKS 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Book by One Author Book by Multiple Authors Multiple Books by the Same Author Book Authored by an Organization Book by an Unknown Author Edited Book Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Book in an Edition Other Than the First Multivolume Work Translated Book Non-English Book Entry in a Reference Work PERIODICALS 22. 23. 24. 25. Journal Article Magazine Article Newspaper Article Newsletter Article ELECTRONIC SOURCES 26. Nonperiodical Web Document Journal Articles 27. Article with DOI Assigned 28. Article with No DOI Assigned 29. Preprint Version of Article Electronic Books 30. Entire Book Dissertations and Theses 31. Dissertation Retrieved from Database Reference Materials 32. Online Encyclopedia 33. Online Dictionary 34. Wiki Raw Data 35. Data Set 36. Graphic Representation of Data 37. Qualitative Data Other Electronic Documents 38. Technical or Research Report 39. Presentation Slides General-Interest Media and Alternative Presses 40. Newspaper Article 41. Audio Podcast 42. Online Magazine Content Not Found in Print Version Online Communities 43. Message Posted to an Electronic Mailing List, Online Forum, or Discussion Group 44. Blog Post 45. Email Message or Real-Time Communication OTHER SOURCES 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. Technical or Research Report Government Document Brochure or Pamphlet Article from Conference Proceedings Lecture or Speech Audio Recording Motion Picture Television Program Published Interview Personal Interview Personal Correspondence Unpublished Data APA TEXTUAL CITATIONS In APA style, a textual citation typically includes the name of the source’s author and the date of its publication. Textual citations vary depending on the type of information cited, the number of authors, and the context of the citation. The following models illustrate a variety of common textual citations; for additional examples, consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 1. Summarized or Paraphrased Material For material or ideas that you have summarized or paraphrased, include the author’s name and the publication date in parentheses immediately following the borrowed information. This phenomenon was identified almost 70 years ago (Wilkinson, 1948). If your sentence already includes the source’s name, do not repeat it in the parenthetical notation. Wilkinson (1948) identified this phenomenon almost 70 years ago. 2. Quoted Material or Specific Fact If the reference is to a specific fact, idea, or quotation, add the page number(s) from the source to your citation. This phenomenon was identified almost 70 years ago (Wilkinson, 1948, p. 36). Wilkinson (1948) identified this phenomenon almost 70 years ago (p. 36). 3. Source with Multiple Authors For a source written by two authors, cite both names. Use an ampersand (&) in the parenthetical citation itself, but use the word and in regular text. (Tyshenko & Paterson, 2010) Tyshenko and Paterson (2010) argued … For a source written by three, four, or five authors, include all the names the first time you cite the reference; after that, include only the last name of the first author followed by et al. First Text Citation Cashman, Walls, and Thomas (2016) argued … Subsequent Citations Cashman et al. (2016) found … For a source written by six or more authors, use only the first author’s name followed by et al. (Marken et al., 2017) Marken et al. (2017) reported … 4. Source Authored by an Organization If the author is an organization rather than a person, use the name of the organization. There is ongoing discussion of the scope and practice of nursing informatics (American Nurses Association, 2010). In a policy statement, the American Nurses Association (2010) discusses the scope and practice of nursing informatics. If the organization name is commonly abbreviated, you may include the abbreviation in the first citation and use it in any subsequent citations. First Text Citation (International Business Machines [IBM], 2017) Subsequent Citations (IBM, 2017) 5. Source with an Unknown Author If the source does not identify an author, use a shortened version of the title in your parenthetical citation. Hawking made the discovery that under precise conditions, thermal radiation could exit black holes (“World Scientists,” 2009). If the author is identified as anonymous — a rare occurrence — treat Anonymous as a real name. (Anonymous, 2016) 6. Multiple Authors with the Same Last Name Use first initials if two or more sources have authors with the same last name. B. Porter (2012) created a more stable platform for database transfers, while A. L. Porter (2012) focused primarily on latitudinal peer-to-peer outcome interference. 7. Multiple Sources in One Citation When you refer to two or more sources in one citation, present the sources in alphabetical order, separated by a semicolon. This phenomenon has been well documented (Houlding, 2016; Jessen, 2010). 8. Personal Communication When you cite personal interviews, phone calls, letters, memos, and emails, include the words personal communication and the date of the communication. D. E. Walls (personal communication, April 3, 2017) provided the prior history of his … 9. Electronic Document Cite the author and date for an electronic source as you would for other kinds of documents. If the author is unknown, give a shortened version of the title in your parenthetical citation. If the date is unknown, use n.d. (for no date). Interpersonal relationships are complicated by differing goals (Hoffman, n.d.). If the document is posted as a PDF file, include the page number in the citation. If a page number is not available but the source contains paragraph numbers, give the paragraph number. (Tong, 2017, para. 4) If no paragraph or page number is available and the source has headings, cite the appropriate heading and paragraph. The CDC (2007) warns that babies born to women who smoke during pregnancy are 30% more likely to be born prematurely (The Reality section, para. 3). THE APA REFERENCE LIST For a sample APA-style reference list, see p. 638. A reference list provides the information your readers will need in order to find each source you have cited in the text. It should not include sources you read but did not use. Following are some guidelines for an APA-style reference list. Arranging entries. Arrange the entries alphabetically by author’s last name. If two or more works are by the same author, arrange them by date, earliest to latest. If two or more works are by the same author in the same year, list them alphabetically by title and include a lowercase letter after the date: 2010a, 2010b, and so on. Alphabetize works by an organization by the first significant word in the name of the organization. Book titles. Italicize titles of books. Capitalize only the first word of the book’s title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. Publication information. For books, give the publisher’s name in as brief a form as is intelligible; retain the words Books and Press. Include the name of both the city and the state (abbreviated) for publishers located in U.S. cities or the city and the country (not abbreviated) for publishers in non-U.S. cities; for publishers located in Canadian cities, also include the province. Periodical titles. Italicize titles of periodicals and capitalize all major words. Article titles. Do not italicize titles of articles or place them in quotation marks. Capitalize only the first word of the article’s title and subtitle and any proper nouns. Electronic sources. Include as much information as you can about electronic sources, such as author, date of publication, identifying numbers, and retrieval information. Include the digital object identifier (DOI) when one exists. Remember that electronic information changes frequently. If the content of an electronic source is likely to change, be sure to record the date you retrieved the information. Indenting. Use a hanging indent, with the first line of each entry flush with the left margin and all subsequent lines indented one-half inch: Sokolova, G. N. (2010). Economic stratification in Belarus and Russia: An experiment in comparative analysis. Sociological Research, 49(3), 25–26. Your instructor may prefer a paragraph indent, in which the first line of each entry is indented one-half inch: Sokolova, G. N. (2010). Economic stratification in Belarus and Russia: An experiment in comparative analysis. Sociological Research, 49(3), 25–26. Spacing. Double-space the entire reference list. Do not add extra space between entries. Page numbers. When citing a range of page numbers for an article, always give the complete numbers (for example, 121–124, not 121–24 or 121–4). If an article continues on subsequent pages after being interrupted by other articles or advertisements, use a comma to separate the page numbers. Use the abbreviation p. or pp. only with articles in newspapers, chapters in edited books, and articles from proceedings published as a book. Dates. Follow the format year, month, day, with a comma after only the year: (2017, October 31). Following are models of reference list entries for a variety of sources. For further examples of APA-style entries, consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. BOOKS 10. Book by One Author Begin with the author’s last name, followed by the first initial or initials. Include a space between initials. Place the year of publication in parentheses, then give the title of the book, followed by the location and name of the publisher. Power, G. A. (2010). Dementia beyond drugs: Changing the culture of care. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press. 11. Book by Multiple Authors When citing a work by from two to seven authors, separate the authors’ names with a comma or commas, and use an ampersand (&) instead of and before the final author’s name. Tyshenko, M. G., & Paterson, C. (2010). SARS unmasked: Risk communication of pandemics and influenza in Canada. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press. To cite more than seven authors, list only the first six, followed by three dots (an ellipsis) and the last author’s name. 12. Multiple Books by the Same Author Arrange the entries by date, with the earliest date first. Tabloski, P. A. (2007). Clinical handbook for gerontological nursing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Tabloski, P. A. (2010). Gerontological nursing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. If you use multiple works by the same author written in the same year, arrange the books alphabetically by title and include a, b, and so forth after the year — both in your reference list and in your parenthetical citations. Agger, B. (2007a). Fast families, virtual children: A critical sociology of families and schooling. Boulder, CO: Paradigm. Agger, B. (2007b). Public sociology: From social facts to literary acts. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 13. Book Authored by an Organization Use the full name of the organization in place of an author’s name. If the organization is also the publisher, use the word Author in place of the publisher’s name. American Nurses Association. (2010). Nursing’s social policy statement: The essence of the profession (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Author. APA: CITING A BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR When citing a book, use the information from the title page and the copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog. Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name. B The date of publication. Put the most recent copyright year in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). C The title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Italicize the title and subtitle, capitalizing only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period. D The city of publication. If more than one city is given, use the first one listed. Include the name of both the city and the state (abbreviated) for publishers located in U.S. cities or the city and the country (not abbreviated) for publishers located in non-U.S. cities; for publishers in Canadian cities, also include the province. Insert a colon following the location. E The publisher. Give the publisher’s name, omitting words such as Inc. and Co. Include and do not abbreviate terms such as University and Press. End with a period. For more APA-style models for citing other types of books, see pp. 627 and 629. 14. Book by an Unknown Author If the author of the book is unknown, begin with the title in italics. The PDR pocket guide to prescription drugs (9th ed.). (2010). New York, NY: Pocket Books. 15. Edited Book Place the abbreviation Ed. (singular) or Eds. (plural) in parentheses after the name(s), followed by a period. Haugen, D., Musser, S., & Lovelace, K. (Eds.). (2010). Global warming. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. 16. Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Jyonouchi, H. (2010). Possible impact of innate immunity in autism. In A. Chauhan, V. Chauhan, & W. T. Brown (Eds.), Autism: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune abnormalities (pp. 245–276). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 17. Book in an Edition Other Than the First Include the edition number in parentheses following the title. Quinn, G. R. (2010). Behavioral science (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical. 18. Multivolume Work Include the number of volumes after the title. Weiner, I. B., & Craighead, W. E. (Eds.). (2010). The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (Vols. 1–4). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 19. Translated Book Name the translator after the title. Bieler, A., & Gutmann, H.-M. (2010). Embodying grace: Proclaiming justification in the real world (L. M. Maloney, Trans.). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. 20. Non-English Book Give the original title, then the English translation in brackets. Hernandez, G. H., Moreno, A. M., Zaragoza, F. G., & Porras, A. C. (Eds.). (2010). Tratado de medicina farmacéutica [Treaty of pharmaceutical medicine]. Madrid, Spain: Editorial Médica Panamericana. 21. Entry in a Reference Work Begin with the title of the entry if it has no author. Kohlrabi. (2010). In R. T. Wood (Ed.), The new whole foods encyclopedia: A comprehensive resource for healthy eating (2nd ed., pp. 178–179). New York, NY: Penguin Books. PERIODICALS 22. Journal Article Follow the author’s name and the year of publication with the article title; then give the journal title, followed by a comma. For all journals, include the volume number (italicized). For journals that begin each issue with page 1, also include the issue number in parentheses (not italicized). Insert a comma and end with the page number(s). Cumsille, P., Darling, N., & Martinez, M. L. (2010). Shading the truth: The pattern of adolescents’ decisions to avoid issues, disclose, or lie to parents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 285–296. APA: CITING AN ARTICLE FROM A PERIODICAL Periodicals include journals, magazines, and newspapers. This page gives an example of a citation for a print journal article. Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name. B The date of publication. Put the year in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). For magazines and newspapers, include the month and, if given, the day (2011, May 23). C The article title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Do not underline or italicize the title or put it in quotation marks. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period. D The periodical title. Italicize the periodical title and capitalize all major words. Follow the periodical title with a comma. E The volume number and issue number. Include the volume number (italicized). Include the issue number in parentheses (not italicized) for magazines and for journals that begin each issue at page 1. Insert a comma. F Inclusive page numbers. Give all the numbers in full (316–337, not 316–37). For newspapers, include the abbreviation p. for page (or pp. for pages) and the section letter, if relevant (p. D4). End with a period. For more APA-style models for citing other types of periodical articles, see pp. 629 and 631. To watch a tutorial on citing articles from periodicals in databases in APA style, see the additional resources in LaunchPad. 23. Magazine Article Include the month after the year. If it’s a weekly magazine, include the day. Give the volume and issue numbers, if any, after the magazine title. Stix, G. (2011, March). The neuroscience of true grit. Scientific American, 304(3), 28–33. 24. Newspaper Article Include the specific publication date following the year. Seltz, J. (2010, December 26). Internet policies examined: Schools aim to clarify social rules. Boston Globe, p. 1. 25. Newsletter Article Cite a newsletter article as you would a magazine article. If the date is given as a season, insert a comma following the year and then include the season. Meyerhoff, M. K. (2010, September/October). Paying attention to attention. Pediatrics for Parents, 26(9/10), 8–9. ELECTRONIC SOURCES Generally, include all the same elements for electronic sources as you would for print sources. Include any information required to locate the item. Many scholarly publishers are now assigning a digital object identifier (DOI) to journal articles and other documents. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency. It provides a persistent link to unchanging content on the Internet. When available, substitute the DOI for a URL. If the content is subject to change, include the retrieval date before the URL. Use the exact URL for open-source material; use the home-page or menu-page URL for subscription-only material or content presented in frames, which make exact URLs unworkable. Break URLs before a punctuation mark, and avoid using punctuation after a URL or DOI so as not to confuse the reader. 26. Nonperiodical Web Document To cite a nonperiodical web document, provide as much of the following information as possible: author’s name, date of publication or most recent update (use n.d. if there is no date), document title (in italics), and URL (or DOI, if available) for the document. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, June 1). Teens behind the wheel: Graduated driver licensing. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/MotorVehicleSafety/Teen_Drivers/GDL/Teens_Behind_Wheel.html If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the document. If the document is from a university program’s website, identify the host institution and the program or department, followed by a colon and the URL for the document. Safety manual. (2011, March 18). Retrieved from Harvard University, Center for Nanoscale Systems website: http://www.cns.fas.harvard.edu/users/Forms/CNS_Safety_Manual.pdf Journal Articles 27. Article with DOI Assigned Iemolo, F., Cavallaro, T., & Rizzuto, N. (2010). Atypical Alzheimer’s disease: A case report. Neurological Sciences, 31, 643–646. doi:10.1007/s10072-010-0334-1 APA: CITING A NONPERIODICAL WEB DOCUMENT WITH NO DOI You will likely need to search the website where a document appears in order to find some of the citation information you need. For some sites, all of the details may not be available; find as many as you can. Remember that the citation you provide should allow readers to retrace your steps electronically to locate the source. Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name. B The date of publication or most recent update. Put the date in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). If there is no date, use n.d. C The document title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Italicize the title and subtitle, capitalizing only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period. D The URL. Include the words Retrieved from before the complete URL. Insert a retrieval date before the word from only for material that is likely to change (e.g., wikis). Omit final punctuation. For more APA-style models for citing other types of web sources, see pp. 631 and 633. To watch a tutorial on citing websites in APA style, see the additional resources in LaunchPad. 28. Article with No DOI Assigned Srivastava, R. K., & More, A. T. (2010). Some aesthetic considerations for over-thecounter (OTC) pharmaceutical products. International Journal of Biotechnology, 11(3–4), 267–283. Retrieved from http://www.inderscience.com 29. Preprint Version of Article Wang, T. J., Larson, M. G., Vasan, R. S., Cheng, S., Rhee, E. P., McCabe, E., … Gerszten, R. E. (2011). Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nature Medicine. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nm.2307 Electronic Books 30. Entire Book Use “Retrieved from” if the URL leads to the information itself and “Available from” if the URL leads to information on how to obtain the content. Einstein, A. (n.d.). Relativity: The special and general theory. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5001 Dissertations and Theses 31. Dissertation Retrieved from Database For a commercial database, include the database name, followed by the accession number. For an institutional database, include the URL. Siegel, R. S. (2010). Mediators of the association between risk for mania and close relationship quality in adolescents (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/426 Reference Materials Give the home-page or index-page URL for reference works. 32. Online Encyclopedia Cross, M. S. (2011). Social history. In J. H. Marsh (Ed.), The Canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com 33. Online Dictionary Conductance. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conductance 34. Wiki Tsunami. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami Raw Data 35. Data Set Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). FDA peanut product recalls [Data set]. Retrieved from http://www.data.gov/communities/node/81/data_tools/350 36. Graphic Representation of Data U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011, April 4). Civilian unemployment rate (UNRATE) [Line graph]. Retrieved from Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis website: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/UNRATE APA: CITING AN ARTICLE WITH A DOI Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma and initials for first and middle names. Separate initials with a space (Tufte, E. R.). Separate the names of multiple authors with a comma or commas; use an ampersand (&) before the final author’s name. B The date of publication. Put the year in parentheses and end with a period (outside the parentheses). For magazines and newspapers, include the month and, if relevant, the day (2006, May 23). C The article title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Do not underline or italicize the title or put it in quotation marks. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and any proper nouns. End with a period. D The periodical title. Italicize the periodical title and capitalize all major words. Follow the periodical title with a comma. E The volume number and issue number. For journals and magazines, include the volume number (italicized). Include the issue number in parentheses (not italicized) for magazines and for journals that begin each issue at page 1. Insert a comma. F Inclusive page numbers. Give all the numbers in full (316–337, not 316–37). For newspapers, include the abbreviation p. for page (or pp. for pages) and the section letter, if relevant (p. D4). End with a period. G The DOI. If the DOI is assigned to a preprint version of the article, include the expression Advance online publication, which is followed by a period. End with doi followed by a colon, no space, then the DOI. Omit final punctuation. For more APA-style models for citing other types of electronic sources, see pp. 633, 635, and 636. To watch a tutorial on citing articles from databases in APA style, see the additional resources in LaunchPad. 37. Qualitative Data Jaques, C. (2010). They called it slums but it was never a slum to me [Audio stream]. Retrieved from StoryCorps website: http://storycorps.org/listen/stories/category/historias Other Electronic Documents 38. Technical or Research Report Moran, R., Rampey, B. D., Dion, G. S., & Donahue, P. L. (2008). National Indian education study 2007, Part 1. Performance of American Indian and Alaska native students at grades 4 and 8 on NAEP 2007 reading and mathematics assessments (Report No. NCES 2008–457). Retrieved from National Center for Education Statistics website: http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/studies/2008457.pdf 39. Presentation Slides Wyominginspector. (2010). Cell phone use in the mining industry [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/wyominginspector/cell-phone-use-in-themining-industry General-Interest Media and Alternative Presses 40. Newspaper Article Applebaum, A. (2011, February 14). Channeling Egypt’s energy of the crowd into positive change. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com 41. Audio Podcast Include the presenter, producer, or other authority, if known; date; episode title; any episode or show identifier in brackets, such as [Show 13]; show name; the words Audio podcast in brackets; and retrieval information. Cooper, Q. (Presenter). (2011, February 10). Science in Egypt. The Material World [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/material#playepisode8 42. Online Magazine Content Not Found in Print Version Greenemeier, L. (2010, November 17). Buzz kill: FDA cracks down on caffeinated alcoholic beverages. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id5fda-caffeinated-alcohol Online Communities 43. Message Posted to an Electronic Mailing List, Online Forum, or Discussion Group If an online posting is not archived and therefore is not retrievable, cite it as a personal communication and do not include it in the reference list. If the posting can be retrieved from an archive, provide the author’s name (or the author’s screen name if the real name is not available), the exact date of the posting, the title or subject line or thread name, and a description of the type of post in brackets. Finish with the address. Gomez, T. N. (2010, December 20). Food found in archaeological environments [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://cool.conservationus.org/byform/mailing-lists/cdl/2010/1297.html 44. Blog Post Joseph j7uy5. (2010, May 11). Another rTMS update [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/corpuscallosum/2010/05/another_rtms_update.php Telecom. (2011, February 22). Cellphone use tied to changes in brain activity [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/cellphone-use-tiedto-changes-in-brain-activity/#comment-643942 45. Email Message or Real-Time Communication Do not cite email messages in the reference list. Instead, cite them in the text as personal communications. (See item 8 on page 625.) OTHER SOURCES 46. Technical or Research Report Include an identifying number in parentheses after the report title. If appropriate, include the name of the service used to locate the item in parentheses after the publisher. Arai, M., & Mazuka, R. (2010). Linking syntactic priming to language development: A visual world eye-tracking study (TL2010-18). Tokyo: Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers. 47. Government Document For most government agencies, use the abbreviation U.S. instead of spelling out United States. Include any identifying document number after the publication title. U.S. Department of State. (2010, June). Trafficking in persons report (10th ed.). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 48. Brochure or Pamphlet After the title of the document, include the word Brochure or Pamphlet in brackets. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, October). How to clean and disinfect schools to help slow the spread of flu [Pamphlet]. Washington, DC: Author. 49. Article from Conference Proceedings After the proceedings title, give the page numbers on which the article appears. Sebastianelli, R., Tamimi, N., Gnanendran, K., & Stark, R. (2010). An examination of factors affecting perceived quality and satisfaction in online MBA courses. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Decision Sciences Institute (pp. 1641– 1646). Atlanta, GA: Decision Sciences Institute. 50. Lecture or Speech Culicover, P. W. (2010, March 3). Grammar and complexity: Language at the intersection of competence and performance. Lecture presented at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 51. Audio Recording Give the role (narrator, producer, director, or the like) of the person whose name appears at the beginning of the entry in parentheses after the name. Give the medium in brackets after the title. Young, J. K. (Lecturer). (2007). The building blocks of human life: Understanding mature cells and stem cells [CD]. Prince Frederick, MD: Recorded Books. 52. Motion Picture Give the name of at least one primary contributor, such as the producer or director, and follow the film’s title with the words Motion picture in brackets. List the country in which the film was produced and the studio’s name. If the film was not widely distributed, give instead the distributor’s name and address in parentheses. Fincher, D. (Director). (2010). The social network [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures. 53. Television Program Start with the director, producer, or other principal contributor and the date the program aired. Include the words Television broadcast or Television series in brackets after the program title. Fine, S. (Executive Producer). (2011). NOVA scienceNOW [Television series]. Boston, MA: WGBH. For a single episode in a television series, start with the writer and director of the episode or other relevant production personnel. Include the words Television series episode in brackets after the episode title. Also include information about the series. End with the location and name of the station or network. Dart, K., Evans, N., & Stubberfield, T. (Producers & Directors). (2010, October 26). Emergency mine rescue [Television series episode]. In H. Swartz (Executive Producer), NOVA. Boston, MA: WGBH. 54. Published Interview If it is not clear from the title that the entry is an interview, or if there is no title, include the words Interview with and the subject’s name in brackets. Jackson, L. (2010, December 6). The EPA is not the villain [Interview with Daniel Stone]. Newsweek, 156(23), 14. 55. Personal Interview Consider interviews you conduct, whether in person or over the telephone, as personal communications and do not include them in the reference list. Instead, cite them in the text. (See item 8 on page 625.) 56. Personal Correspondence Like emails, personal letters and memos should not be included in the reference list. Instead, cite them in the text. (See item 8 on page 625.) 57. Unpublished Data Where the title would normally appear, include a description of the data in brackets. Standifer, M. (2007). [Daily temperatures, 2007, Barton Springs municipal pool, Austin, TX]. Unpublished raw data. SAMPLE APA REFERENCE LIST Following is a sample reference list using the APA citation system. IEEE Style IEEE style consists of two elements: citations in the text and a reference list at the end of the document. IEEE Style for Reference List Entries BOOKS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Book by One Author Book by Multiple Authors Book Authored by an Organization Edited Book Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Book in an Edition Other Than the First PRINT PERIODICALS 7. Journal Article 8. Magazine Article 9. Newspaper Article ELECTRONIC SOURCES 10. Article in an Online Journal or Magazine 11. Website 12. Document on a Government Website OTHER SOURCES 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Thesis or Dissertation Standard Scientific or Technical Report Paper Published in Conference Proceedings Government Document Unpublished Document IEEE TEXTUAL CITATIONS In the IEEE (originally, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) documentation system, citations in the text are bracketed numbers, keyed to a numbered list of references that appears at the end of the document. Entries in the list are arranged in the order in which they are cited in the text and are numbered sequentially. Once a reference has been listed, the same number is used in all subsequent citations of that source. To cite references in the text, place the reference number or numbers immediately after the author’s name, in square brackets, before any punctuation. Use et al. if there are more than six author names. A recent study by Goldfinkel [5] shows that this is not an efficient solution. Murphy [8]–[10] comes to a different conclusion. You can also use the bracketed citation number or numbers as a noun. In addition, [5] shows that this is not an efficient solution; however, [8]–[10] come to a different conclusion. NOTE: Because references are listed in the order in which they first appear in the text, if you add a new citation within the text while rewriting or editing, you will need to renumber the reference list as well as the citations in the text. For example, if in rewriting you were to add a new reference between the first citations of the Murphy references originally numbered [8] and [9], the previous example would then read [8], [10], [11] come to a different conclusion. To make a reference more precise, you can provide extra information. A recent study by Goldfinkel [5, pp. 12–19] shows that this is not an efficient solution. THE IEEE REFERENCE LIST For a sample IEEE-style reference list, see p. 646. The following guidelines will help you prepare IEEE-style references. For additional information on formatting entries, consult the latest edition of the IEEE Editorial Style Manual available at www.ieee.org. Arranging entries. Arrange the entries in the order in which they first are cited in the text, and then number them sequentially. Place the numbers in square brackets and set them ?ush left in a column of their own, separate from the body of the references. Place the entries in the next column, with no indents for turnovers. Authors. List the author’s first initial (or first and middle initials, separated by spaces), followed by the last name. In the case of multiple authors, use up to six names; use et al. after the first author’s name if there are more than six. If an entry has an editor in place of an author, add the abbreviation Ed. (or Eds. for editors) following the name. Book titles. Italicize titles of books. In English, capitalize the first word and all major words. In foreign languages, capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle, as well as any words that would be capitalized in that language. Publication information. For books, give the city of publication, the state abbreviation (if in the United States), the country, the publisher’s name (abbreviated), and the year of publication. When two or more cities are given on a book’s copyright page, include only the first. Periodical titles. Italicize and abbreviate titles of periodicals. Capitalize all major words in the title. Article titles. Place titles of articles in quotation marks. Capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle. Do not capitalize the remaining words unless they are proper nouns. Electronic sources. Provide the same information you would for a print source, including city, state, country, and page range, if available. You may include a date of access (Accessed on:) or a DOI, if available. Always include the medium in square brackets ([Online]) and the URL or file path. Spacing. Single-space the reference list, and do not add extra space between entries. Page numbers. To give a page or a range of pages for a specific article in a book or periodical, use the abbreviation p. or pp. Write numbers in full (152–159, not 152–59 or 152–9). Dates. Follow the format month (abbreviated), day, year (for example, Apr. 3, 2010 or Feb. 22–23, 2011). Do not abbreviate May, June, or July. BOOKS 1. Book by One Author Include the author’s first initial and middle initial (if available), the author’s last name, the book title (in italics), the place of publication, the publisher, the year of publication, and the page range of the material referenced. [1] B. Mehlenbacher, Instruction and Technology: Designs for Everyday Learning. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2010, pp. 22–28. 2. Book by Multiple Authors List all the authors’ names. Use et al. after the first author’s name if there are more than six authors. Do not invert names, and include a comma before and only if there are three or more names. [2] S.-T. Yau and S. J. Nadis, The Shape of Inner Space: String Theory and the Geometry of the Universe’s Hidden Dimensions. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books, 2010, pp. 254–255. 3. Book Authored by an Organization The organization takes the place of the author. [3] World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 2011, pp. 25–31. 4. Edited Book Include the abbreviation Ed. (singular) or Eds. (plural) after the name(s). [4] J. Dibbell, Ed., The Best Technology Writing 2010. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press, 2010, pp. 157– 162. 5. Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Give the author and the title of the chapter or section first (enclosed in quotation marks and with only the first word capitalized), followed by the word in, the book title, and the book editor(s). Then give the publication information for the book and the page numbers where the chapter or section appears. [5] E. Castronova, “The changing meaning of play,” in Online Communication and Collaboration: A Reader, H. M. Donelan, K. L. Kear, and M. Ramage, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2010, pp. 184–189. 6. Book in an Edition Other Than the First The edition number follows the title of the book and is preceded by a comma. [6] L. Xinju, Laser Technology, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2010, pp. 203–205. IEEE: CITING A BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR When citing a book, use the information from the title page and the copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog. Record the following information: A The author. Give the initials for the first and middle names, followed by the last name. Separate initials with a space. End with a comma. B The title. Give the full title in italics; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Capitalize the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and all major words. End with a period. C The place of publication. If more than one city is given, use the first one listed. Include the abbreviation of the state (if in the United States) and the country: Sweetwater, TX, USA. Insert a colon. D The publisher. Use a concise version of the publisher’s name. End with a comma. E The date of publication. Use the publication date, if given. Otherwise, use the copyright date. End with a comma. F The pages referenced. If referring to only a portion of the book, give the page range of the material, preceded by p. or pp. For more IEEE-style models for citing other types of books, see p. 641. PRINT PERIODICALS 7. Journal Article Include the author, the article title, and the journal title (abbreviated where possible), followed by the volume number, issue number, page number(s), abbreviated month, and year (or abbreviated month, day, and year for weekly periodicals). [7] R. C. Weber, P.-Y. Lin, E. J. Garnero, Q. Williams, and P. Lognonne, “Seismic detection of the lunar core,” Science, vol. 331, no. 6015, pp. 309–312, Jan. 21, 2011. 8. Magazine Article List the author, the article title, and the magazine title (abbreviated where possible), followed by the page number(s) and the issue date. [8] J. Villasenor, “The hacker in your hardware,” Scientific Amer., pp. 82–87, Aug. 2010. 9. Newspaper Article List the author, the article title, and the newspaper name, followed by the section and the date. [9] M. Woolhouse, “For many, snow day is business as usual,” Boston Globe, sec. B, Jan. 13, 2011. ELECTRONIC SOURCES 10. Article in an Online Journal or Magazine [10] R. Marani and A. G. Perri, “An electronic medical device for preventing and improving the assisted ventilation of intensive care unit patients,” Open Elect. Electron. Eng. J., vol. 4, pp. 16–20, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.benthamscience.com/open/toeej/openaccess2.htm 11. Website [11] American Institute of Physics, “History of AIP. ” Accessed on: Aug. 17, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.aip.org/aip/history 12. Document on a Government Website [12] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preparation and Planning for Bioterrorism Emergencies. [Online]. Available: http://emergency.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/prep.asp OTHER SOURCES 13. Thesis or Dissertation [13] J. L. Beutler, “Frequency response and gain enhancement of solid-state impact-ionization multipliers (SIMs),” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT, 2010. 14. Standard For standards, include the title in italics, the standard number, and the date. [14] Testing and Evaluation Protocol for Spectroscopic Personal Radiation Detectors (SPRDs) for Homeland Security, ANSI Standard T&E Protocol N42.48, 2010. 15. Scientific or Technical Report [15] E. G. Fernando, “Investigation of rainfall and regional factors for maintenance cost allocation,” Texas Transportation Inst. Texas A&M, College Station, TX, USA, Report 5-4519-01-1, Aug. 2010. IEEE: CITING AN ARTICLE FROM A PRINT PERIODICAL Periodicals include journals, magazines, and newspapers. This page gives an example of a citation for a print journal article. Record the following information: A The author. Give the initials for the first and middle names, followed by the last name. Separate initials with a space. End with a comma. B The article title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and proper nouns. End with a comma. Enclose all in quotation marks. C The periodical title. Give the abbreviated title, in italics, with each word capitalized. End with a comma. D The volume number and issue number. Include the volume and issue numbers, using the abbreviations vol. and no. Follow each number with a comma. E Inclusive page numbers. Give the page range for the article. End with a comma. F The date of publication. Give the abbreviated month, followed by the year or the day and year. End with a period. For more IEEE-style models for citing other types of periodical articles, see p. 643. IEEE: CITING AN ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE DATABASE Record the following information: A The author. Give the initials for the first and middle names, followed by the last name. Separate initials with a space. End with a comma. B The article title. Include the title, followed by a comma. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and proper nouns. Enclose all in quotation marks. C The periodical title. Give the abbreviated journal title in italics, followed by a comma. D The volume number, issue number, and pages. Include the volume and issue numbers, using the abbreviations vol. and no. Follow each number with a comma. E The date of publication. Give the abbreviated month, the day (if available), and the year. If necessary, include the words Accessed on: and your date of access. End with a period. F Medium and retrieval information. Include the DOI, if any, and a comma. Place the medium in square brackets, followed by a period: [Online]. After the word Available: and a space, include the URL for the database or the article. Do not add a period after the URL. For more IEEE-style models for citing other types of electronic sources, see p. 643. 16. Paper Published in Conference Proceedings [16] T. O’Brien, A. Ritz, B. J. Raphael, and D. H. Laidlaw, “Gremlin: An interactive visualization model for analyzing genomic rearrangements,” in Proc. IEEE Information Visualization Conf., 2010, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 918–926. 17. Government Document [17] W. R. Selbig and R. T. Bannerman, “Characterizing the size distribution of particles in urban stormwater by use of fixed-point sample-collection methods,” U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2011-1052, 2011. 18. Unpublished Document [18] S. Reed, “An approach to evaluating the autistic spectrum in uncooperative adolescents,” unpublished. SAMPLE IEEE REFERENCE LIST Following is a sample reference list using the IEEE numbered reference system. The references are listed in the order in which they might appear in a fictional document. MLA Style MLA (Modern Language Association) style consists of citations in the text as well as a list of works cited at the end of the document. In-text citations and works-cited entries are made up of elements (such as author, title, and publication date) from the original source work. MLA Style for Textual Citations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Entire Work Specific Page(s) Work Without Page Numbers Multiple Sources by the Same Author Source with Multiple Authors Source Quoted Within Another Source Source Authored by an Organization Source with an Unknown Author Multiple Sources in One Citation Multiple Authors with the Same Last Name Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Multivolume Work Entry in a Reference Work Electronic Source MLA Style for Works-Cited Entries BOOKS 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Book by One Author Book by Multiple Authors Multiple Books by the Same Author Book Authored by an Organization Book by an Unknown Author Edited Book Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Book in an Edition Other Than the First Multivolume Work Book That Is Part of a Series Translated Book Book in a Language Other Than English Entry in a Reference Work PRINT PERIODICALS 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Journal Article Magazine Article Newspaper Article Unsigned Article Article That Skips Pages Review ELECTRONIC SOURCES 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. Entire Website Short Work from a Website Online Book Article in an Online Periodical Article from a Database or Subscription Service Dissertation CD-ROM Email Message 42. Online Posting 43. Other Online Sources OTHER SOURCES 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. Government Document Article from Conference Proceedings Pamphlet Report Interview Letter or Memo Lecture or Speech Map or Chart Photograph or Work of Art Legal Source Radio or Television Program Film, Video, or DVD Advertisement MLA TEXTUAL CITATIONS In MLA style, the textual citation typically includes the name of the source’s author and the number of the page being referred to. Textual citations vary depending on the type of source cited and the context of the citation. The following models illustrate a variety of common situations; for additional examples, consult the MLA Handbook. 1. Entire Work If you are referring to the whole source, not to a particular page or pages, use only the author’s name. Harwood’s work gives us a framework for understanding the aging process and how it affects communication. 2. Specific Page(s) Immediately following the material you are quoting or paraphrasing, include a parenthetical reference with the author’s name and the page number(s) being referred to. Do not add a comma between the name and the page number, and do not use the abbreviation p. or pp. Each feature evolves independently, so there can’t be a steady progression of fossils representing change (Prothero 27). If your sentence already includes the author’s name, put only the page number in the parenthetical citation. Prothero explains why we won’t find a steady progression of human fossils approaching modern humans, as each feature evolves independently (27). 3. Work Without Page Numbers Give a paragraph, section, or screen number only if the number is provided in the source. Use par. (singular) or pars. (plural) to indicate paragraph numbers. Either spell out or use standard abbreviations (such as col., fig., pt., ch., or l.) for other identifying words. Use a comma after the author’s name if it appears in the parenthetical citation. Under the right conditions, humanitarian aid forestalls health epidemics in the aftermath of natural disasters (Bourmah, pars. 3–6). Maternal leave of at least three months has a significantly positive effect on the development of attachment in the infant (Ling, screen 2). 4. Multiple Sources by the Same Author If you cite two or more sources by the same author, either include the full source title in the text or add the first noun phrase of the title to the parenthetical citation to prevent confusion. Chatterjee believes that diversification in investments can take many forms (Diversification 13). Risk is a necessary component of a successful investment strategy (Chatterjee, Failsafe 25). 5. Source with Multiple Authors For a source written by two authors, cite both names. Grendel and Chang assert that … This phenomenon was verified in the late 1970s (Grendel and Chang 281). For a source written by three or more authors, give only the first author, followed by the abbreviation et al. Follow the same format as in the works-cited list. Studies show that incidences of type 2 diabetes are widespread and rising quickly (Gianarikas et al.). 6. Source Quoted Within Another Source Give the source of the quotation in the text. In the parenthetical citation, give the author and page number(s) of the source in which you found the quotation, preceded by qtd. in. Freud describes the change in men’s egos as science proved that the earth was not the center of the universe and that man was descended from animals (qtd. in Prothero 89–90). Only the source by Prothero will appear in the list of works cited. 7. Source Authored by an Organization If the author is an organization rather than a person, use the name of the organization. When giving the organization’s name in parentheses, abbreviate common words. In a recent booklet, the Association of Sleep Disorders discusses the causes of narcolepsy (2–3). The causes of narcolepsy are discussed in a recent booklet (Assn. of Sleep Disorders 2–3). 8. Source with an Unknown Author If the source does not identify an author, shorten the title to the first noun phrase in your parenthetical citation. Multidisciplinary study in academia is becoming increasingly common (“Interdisciplinary Programs” 23). In a web document, the author’s name is often at the end of the document or in small print on the home page. Do some research before assuming that a website does not have an author. Remember that an organization may be the author. (See item 7.) 9. Multiple Sources in One Citation When you refer to two or more sources at the same point, separate the sources with a semicolon. Much speculation exists about the origin of this theory (Brady 42; Yao 388). 10. Multiple Authors with the Same Last Name If the authors of two or more sources have the same last name, spell out the first names of those authors in the text and use the authors’ first initials in the parenthetical citations. In contrast, Albert Martinez has a radically different explanation (29). The economy’s strength may be derived from its growing bond market (J. Martinez 87). 11. Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Cite the author of the work, not the editor of the anthology. Wolburg and Treise note that college binge drinkers include students with both high and low GPAs (4). 12. Multivolume Work If you use only one volume of a multivolume work, list the volume number in the works-cited list only. If you use more than one volume of a multivolume work, indicate the specific volume you are referring to, followed by a colon and the page number, in your parenthetical citation. Many religious organizations opposed the Revolutionary War (Hazlitt 2: 423). 13. Entry in a Reference Work If the entry does not have an author, use the word or term you looked up. You do not need to cite page numbers for entries in encyclopedias and dictionaries because they are arranged alphabetically. The term groupism is important to understand when preparing to communicate with Japanese business counterparts (“Groupism”). 14. Electronic Source When citing electronic sources, follow the same rules as for print sources, providing author names and page numbers, if available. If an author’s name is not given, use either the full title of the source in the text or the first noun phrase of the title in the parenthetical citation. (See item 8 on page 649.) If no page numbers appear, include other identifying numbers, such as paragraph or section numbers, only if they are provided in the source. Twenty million books were in print by the early sixteenth century (Rawlins). THE MLA LIST OF WORKS CITED For a sample MLA-style list of works cited, see p. 663. A list of works cited provides the information your readers will need to find each source you have cited in the text. It should not include sources you consulted for background reading. For each works-cited entry, include as many of the following elements as apply: The author. The title of the work. The title of the larger work in which the source is located, such as a collection, a journal, or a website. MLA calls this larger work a “container.” If you are citing an entire book, journal, website, or other large work, there will be no separate container. The editor, translator, director, producer, or other important contributor. The version number. The volume and issue numbers. The publisher or sponsor. The date of publication. The location of the source (page numbers, DOI, or URL). A second container, such as the database from which a journal was accessed, as well as any available information about it (for example, version number, publisher or sponsor, and URL). For an example of a works-cited entry with no container, see page 652; for an entry with one container, see page 655; for an entry with two containers, see page 659. Following are some guidelines for an MLA-style list of works cited. Arranging entries. Arrange the entries alphabetically by the author’s last name. If two or more works are by the same author, arrange them alphabetically by title. Alphabetize works by an organization by the first significant word in the name of the organization. Book titles. Italicize titles of books and capitalize all major words. Note that in MLA style, prepositions are not capitalized. Publishers. Give the full name of the publisher, including any words such as Books or Publisher. Omit terms such as Inc. or Company. If the publisher is a university press, you may use the abbreviation UP. If a source lists two equal publishers, use both names separated by a slash (/). For imprints, use the name of the parent company. For divisions, use the division name. Periodical titles. Italicize titles of periodicals and capitalize all major words. Omit any initial article. Article titles. Place titles of articles and other short works in quotation marks and capitalize all major words. Electronic sources. Include as much information as you can about electronic sources, such as author, date of publication, identifying numbers, and retrieval information. If no date of publication is provided, include the date you accessed the information at the end of the citation. If no author is known, start with the title of the website. Italicize titles of entire websites; treat titles of works within websites, such as articles and video clips, as you would titles of works within print sources. Include the URL for any sources you access on the Internet. If you access a source through a database, include the DOI (digital object identifier), if provided, or a stable URL. Indenting. Use a hanging indent, with the first line of each entry flush with the left margin and all subsequent lines indented one-half inch. Spacing. Double-space the entire works-cited list. Do not add extra space between entries. Page numbers. Use the abbreviation p. or pp. when giving page numbers in the works-cited list. For a range of pages, give only the last two digits of the second number if the previous digits are identical (for example, 243–47, not 243–247 or 243–7). Use a plus sign (+) to indicate that an article continues on subsequent pages, interrupted by other articles or advertisements. Dates. Follow the format day, month, year, with no commas (for example, 20 Feb. 2009). Spell out May, June, and July; abbreviate all other months (except Sept.) using the first three letters followed by a period. For journals, give the season or month and year in addition to volume and issue numbers. Following are models of works-cited-list entries for a variety of sources. For further examples of MLAstyle citations, consult the MLA Handbook. MLA: CITING A BOOK BY ONE AUTHOR When citing a book, use the information from the title page and the copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog. Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma, the first name, and the middle initial (if given). Don’t include titles such as MD, PhD, or Sir; include suffixes after the name, preceded by a comma (Jones, Durham F., Jr.). End with a period. B The title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Italicize the title and subtitle, capitalizing all major words. End with a period. C The publisher. Give the publisher’s full name, omitting only terms such as Inc. and Company. If there is an imprint, give the name of the parent company. If there is a division, use the division name. For a university press, use the abbreviation UP. D The date of publication. If more than one copyright date is given, use the most recent one. End with a period. For more MLA-style models for citing other types of books, see pp. 653 and 654. To watch a tutorial on citing books in MLA style, see the additional resources in LaunchPad. BOOKS 15. Book by One Author Include the author’s full name, in reverse order, followed by the book title. Next give the name of the publisher, followed by the year of publication. Gleick, James. The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. Pantheon, 2011. 16. Book by Multiple Authors For a book by two authors, present the names in the sequence in which they appear on the title page. Use reverse order for the name of the first author only. Use a comma to separate the names of the authors. Burt, Stephen, and David Mikics. The Art of the Sonnet. Harvard UP, 2010. For a book by three or more authors, use the abbreviation et al. after the first author’s name. Thomas, David N., et al. The Biology of Polar Regions. Oxford UP, 2008. 17. Multiple Books by the Same Author For the second and subsequent entries by the same author, use three hyphens followed by a period in place of the name. Arrange the entries alphabetically by title, ignoring An or The. Hassan, Robert. Empires of Speed: Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society. Brill, 2009. ---. The Information Society: Cyber Dreams and Digital Nightmares. Polity Press, 2008. 18. Book Authored by an Organization The organization takes the position of the author. World Bank. Atlas of Global Development: A Visual Guide to the World’s Greatest Challenges. World Bank, 2011. 19. Book by an Unknown Author If the author of the book is unknown, begin with the title. The World Almanac Notebook Atlas. Hammond, 2010. Note that you would ignore The in alphabetizing this entry. 20. Edited Book List the book editor’s name, followed by editor or editors (if more than one), in place of the author’s name. Levi, Scott Cameron, and Ron Sela, editors. Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources. Indiana UP, 2010. 21. Chapter or Section in an Edited Book Give the author and title of the chapter or section first, followed by the book title and editor. Present the editor’s name in normal order, preceded by edited by and followed by a comma. After the publication information, give the pages on which the material appears. Marx, Karl. “Proletarians and Communists.” Marx Today: Selected Works and Recent Debates, edited by John F. Sitton, Macmillan, 2010, pp. 51–56. 22. Book in an Edition Other Than the First List the edition number after the title of the book. Geary, Patrick, editor. Readings in Medieval History. 4th ed., U of Toronto P, 2010. 23. Multivolume Work If you use two or more volumes from a multivolume work, indicate the total number of volumes (for example, 4 vols.) after the publication date. If you use only one volume, give the volume number before the publisher, and give the total number of volumes after the date. Sophocles. The Complete Sophocles. Edited by Peter Burian and Alan Shapiro, vol. 1, Oxford UP, 2010. 2 vols. 24. Book That Is Part of a Series End the entry with the series name as it appears on the title page (but use common abbreviations, such as Ser.), followed by the series number, if any. Do not italicize the series name. Aune, David Edward, editor. The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. Blackwell Companions to Religion. 25. Translated Book After the title, present the translator’s name in normal order, preceded by translated by. Torre, Domingo de la, et al. Travelers to the Other World: A Maya View of North America. Translated by Robert M. Laughlin, edited by Carol Karasik, U of New Mexico P, 2010. 26. Book in a Language Other Than English You may give a translation of the book’s title in brackets. Moine, Fabienne. Poésie et identité féminines en Angleterre: le genre en jeu, 1830–1900 [Poetry and Female Identity in England: Genre/Gender at Play]. L’ Harmattan, 2010. 27. Entry in a Reference Work If entries are listed alphabetically, you do not need to include a page number. “Desdemona.” Women in Shakespeare: A Dictionary, edited by Alison Findlay, Bloomsbury, 2014. Arden Shakespeare Dictionary Series. MLA: CITING AN ARTICLE FROM A PRINT PERIODICAL Periodicals include journals, magazines, and newspapers. This page gives an example of a citation for an article from a print journal. Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma, the first name, and the middle name or initial (if given). Don’t include titles such as MD, PhD, or Sir; include suffixes after the name, preceded by a comma (Jones, Durham F., Jr.). End with a period. B The article title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Enclose the title in quotation marks, capitalizing all major words. Insert a period inside the closing quotation mark, unless the title includes its own punctuation. C The periodical title. Italicize the title. Omit any initial article and capitalize all major words. Follow with a comma. D The volume number and issue number. For journals, give the volume number and then the issue number, each followed by a comma. Use the abbreviations vol. for volume and no. for number. E The date of publication. For journals, give the month or season, if available, and the year. For monthly magazines, give the month and year. For weekly magazines and newspapers, give the day, month, and year (in that order). Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July. Put a comma after the year. F Inclusive page numbers. Use the abbreviation p. or pp. For a range of page numbers 100 and above, give only the last two digits of the second number if the previous digits are identical (for example, 243–47, not 243–247 or 243–7). Include section letters for newspapers, if relevant. If the article skips pages, use the first page and a plus sign (+). End with a period. For more MLA-style models for citing other types of periodical articles, see p. 656. To watch a tutorial on citing articles in MLA style, see the additional resources in LaunchPad. PRINT PERIODICALS 28. Journal Article List the author’s name, the article title (in quotation marks), and the journal title (italicized), followed by the volume number, issue number, month or season, year, and page number(s). Mooney, William. “Sex, Booze, and the Code: Four Versions of The Maltese Falcon.” Literature/Film Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 54–72. 29. Magazine Article List the author’s name, the article title (in quotation marks), and the magazine title (italicized), followed by the issue date and page number(s). Seabrook, John. “Crush Point.” The New Yorker, 7 Feb. 2011, pp. 32–38. 30. Newspaper Article List the author’s name, the article title (in quotation marks), and the newspaper name (italicized), followed by the issue date and the page number(s) (which might include a section letter). Robertson, Campbell. “Beyond the Oil Spill, the Tragedy of an Ailing Gulf.” The New York Times, 21 Apr. 2011, p. A17. 31. Unsigned Article If the author of an article is not indicated, begin with the title. Alphabetize the work by title, ignoring any initial article. “How Much Is Enough?” The Economist, 26 Feb. 2011, p. 5. 32. Article That Skips Pages Give the page on which the article starts, followed by a plus sign (+) and a period. Kennicott, Philip. “Out-Vermeering Vermeer.” The Washington Post, 10 Apr. 2011, pp. E1+. 33. Review For a book or film review, give the author of the review and the title of the review (in quotation marks), followed by the words Review of and the title of the work reviewed (italicized). Insert a comma and the word by, then give the name of the author of the work reviewed. (Instead of by, you might use edited by, translated by, or directed by, depending on the work.) End with the publication information for the periodical in which the review was published. Wynne, Clive. “Our Conflicted Relationship with Animals.” Review of Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat, by Hal Herzog, Nature, vol. 467, no. 7313, 16 Sept. 2010, pp. 275–76. ELECTRONIC SOURCES 34. Entire Website If you are citing an entire website, begin with the name of the author or editor (if given) and the title of the site (italicized). Then give the name of the publisher (often an institution or an organization), the date of publication or most recent update, and the URL, followed by a period. If no publication date is available, include the date you accessed the site at the end of the entry. Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, www.poets.org. Accessed 12 Jan. 2017. MLA: CITING A SHORT WORK FROM A WEBSITE You will likely need to search the website to find some of the citation information you need. Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma, the first name, and the middle initial (if given). Don’t include titles such as MD, PhD, or Sir; include suffixes after the name, preceded by a comma (Jones, Durham F., Jr.). End with a period. B The document title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Enclose the title in quotation marks, capitalizing all major words. Place a period inside the closing quotation mark, unless the title includes its own punctuation. C The title of the website. Italicize the title of the website. If there is no clear title and it is a personal home page, use Home page, not italicized. Follow with a comma. D The name of the publisher. Look for the organization’s name at the bottom of the home page. If the publisher is the same as the author or the site title, or if it is a periodical, you can omit it. End with a comma. E The date of publication or most recent update. Use the day, month, year format; abbreviate all months except May, June, and July. If you can’t identify the date of publication or most recent update, omit it. F The URL. Do not include http:// or https://. G The retrieval date (optional). Include a retrieval date if you cannot include a date of publication or most recent update. Give the most recent date you accessed the site. For more MLA-style models for citing other types of web sources, see pp. 656, 658, and 660. To watch a tutorial on citing websites in MLA style, see the additional resources in LaunchPad. 35. Short Work from a Website If you are citing a portion of a website, begin with the author, the title of the material (in quotation marks), and the title of the site (italicized). Then include the publisher, the date of publication, and the URL. If the publisher name is the same as the site title, you do not need to repeat it. Ferenstein, Greg. “How Mobile Technology Is a Game Changer for Developing Africa.” Mashable, 19 July 2010, mashable.com/2010/07/19/mobile-africa/#mahVbvylbaqO. 36. Online Book Begin with the author’s name and the title of the work, along with publication information about the print source, if the book has been published in print. Then include the name of the site where you accessed the book and the URL. Piketty, Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer, Harvard UP, 2014. Google Books, books.google.com/books?isbn=0674369556. 37. Article in an Online Periodical Begin with the author’s name and include the title of the document, the name of the periodical, and the date of publication. If the periodical is a scholarly journal, include relevant identifying numbers, such as volume, issue, and page numbers before the date. End with the URL. Maas, Korey D. “Natural Law, Lutheranism, and the Public Good.” Lutheran Witness, vol. 130, no. 3, 2 Mar. 2011, blogs.lcms.org/2011/natural-law-lutheranism-and-the-public-good-3-2011. For magazine and newspaper articles found online, give the author, the title of the article (in quotation marks), the title of the magazine or newspaper (italicized), the date of publication, and the URL. Crowell, Maddy. “How Computers Are Getting Better at Detecting Liars.” The Christian Science Monitor, 12 Dec. 2015, www.csmonitor.com/Science/Science-Notebook/2015/1212/How-computers-are-getting-better-at-detectingliars. 38. Article from a Database or Subscription Service After giving the print article information, give the name of the database (italicized), and the DOI of the article. If no DOI is available and the database provides a stable URL or permalink, give the complete URL. For subscription databases such as EBSCO, you may use a truncated URL. Coles, Kimberly Anne. “The Matter of Belief in John Donne’s Holy Sonnets.” Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 68, no. 3, Fall 2015, pp. 899–931. JSTOR, doi:10.1086/683855. 39. Dissertation The title appears in quotation marks if the dissertation is unpublished or in italics if it is published. Zimmer, Kenyon. The Whole World Is Our Country: Immigration and Anarchism in the United States, 1885–1940. Dissertation, U of Pittsburgh, 2010. MLA: CITING AN ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE Libraries subscribe to services such as LexisNexis, ProQuest, InfoTrac, and EBSCOhost, which provide access to databases of electronic texts. Record the following information: A The author. Give the last name first, followed by a comma, the first name, and the middle initial (if given). Don’t include titles such as MD, PhD, or Sir; include suffixes after the name, preceded by a comma (Jones, Durham F., Jr.). End with a period. B The article title. Give the full title; include the subtitle (if any), preceded by a colon. Enclose the title in quotation marks, capitalizing all major words. Place a period inside the closing quotation mark, unless the title includes its own punctuation. C The periodical title. Italicize the title. Omit any initial article, and capitalize all major words. D The volume number and issue number (if appropriate). E The date of publication. For journals, give the month or season and year. For monthly magazines, give the month and year. For weekly magazines and newspapers, give the day, month, and year (in that order). F Inclusive page numbers. If only the first page number is given, follow it with a plus sign and a period. G The name of the database. Italicize the name. H The DOI or URL. Give the DOI, if available, or a complete, stable URL. For subscription databases that do not use DOIs or permalinks, you may truncate the URL if the complete URL is extremely long. For more MLA-style models for citing other types of electronic sources, see pp. 656, 658, and 660. To watch a tutorial on citing articles from databases in MLA style, see the additional resources in LaunchPad. 40. CD-ROM Treat material on a CD-ROM as you would if it were in print form and include the descriptive term CD-ROM at the end of the entry. That is, if the source is an article in a database, include the database title. If it is a book, treat it as a book. Greek-Cypriot Maritime Guide 2011. Marine Information Services, 2011. CD-ROM. 41. Email Message Use the email’s subject line as the title. Include the words Received by followed by the name of the recipient (if you were the recipient, use the phrase the author). End with the date the email was sent. Lange, Frauke. “Data for Genealogical Project.” Received by the author, 26 Dec. 2017. 42. Online Posting List the author’s name, the title (or subject line) in quotation marks, the name of the discussion forum or newsgroup in italics, the publisher, the posting date, and the URL. If the posting includes the time when it was posted, list the time along with the date. Curiosity Rover. “Can you see me waving? How to spot #Mars in the night sky: https://youtu.be/hv8hVvJlcJQ.” Twitter, 5 Nov. 2015, 11:00 a.m., twitter.com/marscuriosity/status/672859022911889408. 43. Other Online Sources Follow the MLA guidelines already discussed, adapting them as appropriate to the electronic medium. The following examples are for a podcast and a blog post, respectively. McDougall, Christopher. “How Did Endurance Help Early Humans Survive?” TED Radio Hour, National Public Radio, 20 Nov. 2015, www.npr.org/2015/11/20/455904655/how-did-endurance-help-early-humans-survive. Cimons, Marlene. “Why Cities Could Be the Key to Solving the Climate Crisis.” Thinkprogress.org, Center for American Progress Action Fund, 10 Dec. 2015, thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/12/10/3730938/cities-key-to-climatecrisis/. OTHER SOURCES 44. Government Document Begin with the author. If the author is a government agency, begin with the name of the country and the agency. Follow with the document title, publisher, and date. United States, National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report: Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States. US Government Publishing Office, 2011. For an online source, include the URL. Phelps, G. A., et al. A Refined Characterization of the Alluvial Geology of Yucca Flat and Its Effect on Bulk Hydraulic Conductivity. Open-File Report 2010-1307, US Department of the Interior/US Geological Survey, 2011, pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1307/of2010-1307.pdf. 45. Article from Conference Proceedings List the author’s name, the article title, the proceedings title, and the editor’s name, followed by the publication information. Glicksman, Robert. “Climate Change Adaptation and the Federal Lands.” The Past, Present, and Future of Our Public Lands: Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of the Public Land Law Review Commission’s Report, edited by Gary C. Bryner, Natural Resources Law Center, 2010. 46. Pamphlet Cite a pamphlet as you would a book. The Legendary Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Friends of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, 2008. 47. Report Cite a report as you would a book. Liebreich, Michael, et al. Green Investing 2010: Policy Mechanisms to Bridge the Financing Gap. World Economic Forum, 2010. 48. Interview For a published interview, begin with the name of the person interviewed. If the interview has a title, enclose it in quotation marks. Insert the words Interview by and give the interviewer’s name followed by the information on the work in which the interview was published. Walcott, Derek. “Purple Prose.” Interview by Alexander Newbauer, Harper’s Magazine, Feb. 2010, pp. 24–26. If you conducted the interview yourself, include the interviewee’s name, the words Personal interview, and the date. Youngblood, Adelaide. Personal interview, 5 Jan. 2017. 49. Letter or Memo If the letter or memo was addressed to you, include the writer’s name, the words Letter [or Memo] to the author, and the date it was written. Jakobiak, Ursula. Letter to the author, 27 Oct. 2017. If the letter or memo was addressed to someone other than you, give the recipient’s name in place of the words the author. 50. Lecture or Speech Give the speaker’s name, the title of the lecture or speech (if known), the event and sponsoring organization (if applicable), and the place and date. End with a descriptive term such as Lecture or Keynote speech. Wang, Samuel. “Neuroscience and Everyday Life.” Freshman Assembly, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 12 Sept. 2010. Lecture. 51. Map or Chart Give the author (if known), the title (in quotation marks), and the publication information. For an online source, include the name of the website (italicized), the name of the site’s publisher, the date of publication, and the URL. “Map of Sudan.” Global Citizen, Citizens for Global Solutions, 2011, globalsolutions.org/blog/bashir#.VthzNMfi_FI. 52. Photograph or Work of Art Give the name of the artist; the title of the artwork, italicized; the date of composition; and the institution and city in which the artwork can be found. For artworks found online, include the title of the website on which you found the work, the publisher, and the URL. Smedley, W. T. On the Beach at Narragansett Pier. 1900, Cabinet of American Illustration, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cai/item/2010718015/. 53. Legal Source For a legal case, give the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant, the law report number, the name of the court, and the year of the decision, followed by the publication information. Utah v. Evans. 536 US 452. Supreme Court of the US. 2002. Legal Information Institute, Cornell U Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/536/452. For a legislative act, give the name of the act, the Public Law number, the Statutes at Large volume and page numbers, and the date the law was enacted. Protect America Act of 2007. Pub. L. 110-55. 5 Stat. 121–552. 5 Aug. 2007. 54. Radio or Television Program Give the title of the episode or segment, if applicable, and the title of the program. Include relevant information about the narrator, director, or performers. Then give the network and the broadcast date. If you accessed the program on the web, include the URL. “Aircraft Safety.” Nightline, narrated by Cynthia McFadden, ABC, 4 Apr. 2011. “The Cathedral.” Reply All, narrated by Sruthi Pinnamaneni, episode 50, Gimlet Media, 7 Jan. 2016, gimletmedia.com/episode/50-the-cathedral/. 55. Film, Video, or DVD Give the title of the film and the name of the director. You may also give the names of major performers (performances by) or the narrator (narrated by). Give the distributor and the year of the original release. The King’s Speech. Directed by Tom Hooper, performances by Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush, and Helena Bonham Carter, The Weinstein Company, 2010. 56. Advertisement Include the name of the product, organization, or service being advertised, and the publication information. At the end of the entry, add the descriptive term Advertisement. NeutronicEar. Smithsonian, Mar. 2011, p. 89.

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