Focusing on a cultural institution, community organization, or current issue, in D.C. the Research Paper is an opportunity for students to explore their personal interests. Prospective topics include accessory dwelling units, women’s rights, LGTBQ rights, homelessness, bike share lanes, D.C. statehood, education, gun control, immigration, Initiative 77, marijuana legalization, policing, sexuality, short term rentals/Airbnb, housing policy, the environment, transportation, new residential/commercial/government development, or zoning. The topic selected does not have to come from the list above but does need to relate to the course content, course outcomes, and have an objective connection to contemporary D.C. This means that while it is required to use historical content to frame a debate, the subject must have a contemporary corollary/connection that is articulated in the paper.

 

The Research Paper must use primary research and explore conflicting cultural perspectives on the issues as appropriate . It is critical to use the most current information on a topic and articulate the issue in the context of Washington, District of Columbia. Original digital media is permitted, but not required.

• 6-7 pages
• Double spaced
• 12 point Times New Roman font
• One inch margins on the sides
• You may use internal section headings for your essay, but do not put the course name or other identifying information (your name, date, my name, etc.) on the document
• Use of media (images, graphs, etc.) are permitted but they must be endnotes. Endnotes do not count towards the page count.
• Paper should include an Introduction with a Thesis Statement, a Conclusion, and a Works Cited
  • The Introduction must make explicit connections between the Thesis Statement and Course Learning Outcomes
  • The Works Cited should start on a new page at the end of the document. It does not count towards the page length requirement.
• Make explicit connections to Cultural Inquiry Learning and/or Course Learning Outcomes
• Use parenthetical in-text citations with a works cited section using an accepted academic format
• Twelve total sources must be used to earn full credit
  • Eight primary sources must be used. These sources cannot be materials unless they are designated as "Resources."
  • 4 sources from course readings and viewings are required.
• Lecture notes may be used as a source but do not count as a primary source. If you cite lecture notes, use the following format.
  • Important - Only cite lecture when directly quoting me or paraphrasing me discussing course material not located in the course syllabus. Otherwise, cite the original source.
  • Cite the notes as follows: (Gualtieri, CLASS #)
    • Example: (Gualtieri, Class 3)
  • Works Cited Entry: Gualtieri, Anthony. "TITLE OF CLASS." AMST 140.002. American University, Washington, D.C. DATE
    • Example: Gualtieri, Anthony. "Early Communities." AMST 140.002. American University, Washington, D.C. 6 Feb. 2020.

See Rubric for scoring guidelines.

Remember that the Research Paper Proposal is designed to serve as a material for your Research Paper.

Definition of "primary sources" - Primary sources are documents, images or artifacts that provide firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning an historical topic under research investigation. Primary sources are original documents created or experienced contemporaneously with the event being researched. These include letters, speeches, diaries, newspaper articles from the time, oral history interviews, documents, photographs, artifacts, or anything else that provides firsthand accounts about a person or event.

1 Research Proposal Zhuobin Zhong AMST-140-002 Anthony Angelo Gualtieri 5.28.2021 2 Research Proposal The Effects of Racial Profiling on Immigration in Washington DC The future well-being and prosperity of people living in Washington DC is dependent on the youths and children. However, from various studies and research, it is worth noting that one of the most significant and potentially long-lasting impacts of racial profiling on Immigrants is its effect on the youth and children. Racial profiling in several contexts, mainly in law enforcement, and the education structure is compromising the future of the youth and children and the prosperity of residences of Washington DC. At school is where the children learn to interact and associate with other students and teachers. For this reason, the appropriate place to eradicate racial profiling of immigrant would be at schools (Vargas, 2020). Zero tolerance policies should be enacted in school and other government institutions to ensure that racialized communities receive adequate services. People migrating from their native homeland to DC are prone to racial profiling. However, the number of immigrant in DC has grown, which are led to cultural assimilation. In addition, the immigrants have developed a sense of belonging in DC and have begun fighting for their rights. For instance, the residence of DC has started to seek recognition of their area as a state. People like Taylor Berlin, who is the youngest ANC officers in DC history, indicate that there is no race that is superior to the other. The recognition of Washington as a state will ensure that the residents receive adequate government incentives. It is essential to highlight that, as cultural disparities have grown, other forms of racial profiling and discrimination have emerged in society (Amenabar, & Flynn, 2021). Through critical examination of the current state of immigrants in the United States, this paper seeks to highlight various types of ethnic profiling and discrimination and assess their effects on immigration in Washington DC. 3 Preliminary Works Cited Core Readings Vargas, T., (2020). A powerful mural was created as part of D.C.’s push for statehood. It also shows the diversity of the Black Lives Matter movement. The Washington Post. Stark, C., (2019). College student earns her place as one of the youngest ANC officers in D.C. history. The Washington Post. Amenabar, T., & Flynn, M., (2021). Will D.C. become a state? Explaining the hurdles to statehood. Original Research Freed, B., (2016). Five myths about D.C. home rule. The Washington Post Barthel, M., & Austermuhle, M., (2021). Manchin Says He Opposes D.C. Statehood Bill, Dealing A Blow To Chances In The Senate.
 

Outline

1. Introduction
   1. As much as the United States is committed to ensuring racial neutrality in its institutions and societies, it is equally committed to getting rid of immigrants that get into the country illegally. The same applies to individuals that move from other parts of the world and country into Washington DC that is growing daily. It is noteworthy that racial profiling has had the strongest impact on the youth and children because it is imminent in schools where this age group spend most of their time. As such, the learning institutions are the most appropriate place to start any operation of eradicating racial profiling according to Vargas (2020). This ensures that students come out of schools with enough knowledge on the topic and practical skills on how to coexist with other individuals in the society that may not be of the same race as them. There are different types of racial profiling especially because of the increased growth in cultural disparities (Amenabar & Flynn, 2021) in Washington DC. This paper will investigate the current state of immigrants in the United States and identify the different types of ethnic profiling while assessing their effects on immigration in Washington DC.
   2. The current state of immigrants in the United States
   3. According to Batalova, Hanna, and Levesque (2021), 2020 was the year with the most unprecedented focus on the reduction of immigration because the COVID 19 pandemic had already reduced travel across borders both in the United States and globally, significantly. Overall, the rate of immigration in the United States during this decade has been growing slowly during this decade in comparison to the previous decades. Additionally, the origins of immigrants were also significantly changing as more immigrants were now originating from Asian countries (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). Additionally, the fact that illegal immigrants have been significantly reducing is worth noting. 50% of immigrants that were already in the country in 2019 had entered before the year 2000. This accounts for 29% of all immigrants as at 2019 (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021).  25% had entered between the year 2000 and the year 2009 while the remaining have entered from the year 2010 to date (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). The origins of immigrants has been changing over time given a change from the dominant country being Mexico to Asia, India and China (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). Approximately 85.7 million people in the United States which accounts for about 26% of the total population in the United States is comprised of immigrants and the U.S born children (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). This statistics clearly show that immigration is an important aspect of the United States population and the government, through all its relevant agencies ought to acknowledge this fact and educate the public on the value of coexisting with immigrants to create a united community whose goals achievement will be inevitable. 
   4. Immigration in Washington DC
   5. The American Immigration Council notes that a rough percentage of 14% of the whole population in Washington D.C was born in another country (2020). They make up an important part of the educated labor force in DC because almost three fifths of these immigrants have a higher degree or college degree and up to four fifths are fluent English speakers. This goes to show the extent to which the immigrant population supports DC’S economy through both providing workforce for the companies and industries in D.C and starting new businesses that provide employment to the residents of the region (American Immigration Council, 2020).
2. The American Immigration Council (2020) statistics articulate:
3. 1 in 7 residents of D.C is an immigrant and 1 in 9 is a native born United States citizen with at least one of their parents being immigrants.
4. Over 2/5 of immigrants in Washington D.C are U.S citizens by naturalization.
5. Most immigrants in Washington D.C are college educated.
6. Over 10,000 United States citizens in Washington D.C reside with at least one family member that has not been officially documented.
7. Washington D.C is a home for to many deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA)
8. One in six employees of workers in Washington D.C is an immigrant, which means that immigrants make up an important part of the workforce.
9. All immigrants in Washington D.C contribute over one billion dollars through tax
10. Since immigrants are consumers, they significantly contribute to the economy in D.C
11. Immigrant entrepreneurs in Washington D.C generate business revenue in millions of dollars.
    1. Given the statistics and facts on immigrants and immigration in Washington D.C as has been articulated by the American Immigration Council above, it is obvious the benefits of having immigrants in Washington DC hence the negative effects that racial profiling against immigrants in D.C may have on the economy and the coexistence within the area as well. According to Stark (2019) the nature of their life calls upon them to work extra hard which is beneficial to both themselves and the D.C economy. This is derived from the story of a college students that starts their day as a normal students and ends it at work, as an elected official.
    2. Types of Racial Profiling In Washington D.C
    3. Racial profiling can be defined as the use of generalizations based on religion, national origin, race or ethnicity as opposed to individual behavior by police, immigration and security officials as the common ground for suspicion when going about important law enforcement actions (Privot, 2009). In simpler terms, racial profiling casts suspicion on individuals solely based on their skin color as opposed to the use of objective evidence. In this context, racial profiling is committed against immigrants by immigration officials and law enforcement officers, a factor that significantly determines their quality of life within Washington D.C as they go about their duties (Privot, 2009). As has been earlier discussed on the value addition by immigrants both in the United States and Washington D.C to be specific. Racial profiling against immigrants definitely leads to the loss of the benefits brought about by integrating legal immigrants and creating an equal opportunities environment for them to earn their living while in the country.
    4. As noted by Privot (2009), the major types of racial profiling are data mining and constant stops and ID checks by government officials for people of color or those that seem not to have originated from Washington D.C and the United States. It is no secret that police have been discriminatory across Washington D.C and the United States as a whole in administering stop and search procedures against specific individuals in the state who most often happen to be immigrants. Unlike normal police encounters on the street or in public places, police raids are the most intrusive police strategy, often involving an unexpected invasion of a building or region, frequently timed to maximize the element of surprise. Raids typically entail the entry of private premises such as residences, places of worship or association, or workplaces (Privot, 2009). They could go after individual addresses or even entire neighborhoods. Raids may be a useful tool for law enforcement and a proper use of police power. Apprehending wanted criminals, acquiring proof of illicit conduct, reclaiming property, preventing the conduct of a crime, and/or confiscating contraband are all legitimate goals of raids (Privot, 2009).
    5. When police decide on targets based on stereotypes linking ethnic or religious groups to crime, or when they target entire communities based on evidence relating to the criminal acts of one or two persons, raids fall under the category of illegal ethnic profiling (Privot, 2009). In practice, some police raids appear to deviate from the intended legitimate goals and involve illegal harassment of minority communities, such as immigrants. A lot of ethnic profiling takes place in the name of immigration control within the United States and in Washington D.C to be specific.
    6. Data mining is another form of racial profiling that more often than not makes use of profiles to be more of criminal profiling against immigrants (Privot, 2009). Data mining typically involves using a set of predetermined features to automatically search large databases of personal information, such as immigration, student records, or health and housing records. Some forms of data extraction do not use personal data, but phone calls or internet logs to find connections between the original suspect and other people who have been in contact with the suspect (Provine, 2013). When data mining uses profiles, these generally, but not always, include race, religion, or national origin (Privot, 2009). If sensitive personal information is included in the data mining configuration file, mining can be legal and comply with legal standards that require legal purpose, proportionality and necessity, provided there is a proven statistical relevance that can increase the efficiency of the mining. Law enforcement to some extent this exceeds any harm that may be caused. An example of data mining occurred in Germany from 2001 to early 2003 (Privot, 2009). After discovering that quite a number of the 9/11 terrorist attacks perpetrators were residing and studying in Hamburg, German officials tried to identify other potential terrorist organizations. The Federal Government of Germany entrusts the state governments to collect and process personal data in massive data mining.
    7. Some of the other main activities that involve racial profiling against immigrants in Washington D.C and other parts in the United States include the interception and searching of people alongside their belongings in ports and airports, intercepting and searching vehicles in ports, clearly linking specific ethnic groups or nationalities with drug trafficking and other crimes and hence taking specific actions based on such premises and lastly, commercial incursions on entrepreneurs that happen to be immigrants (Freed, 2016).

The Effects of Racial Profiling on Immigration in Washington DC

Introduction

As much as the United States is committed to ensuring racial neutrality in its institutions and societies, it is equally committed to getting rid of immigrants that get into the country illegally. The same applies to individuals that move from other parts of the world and country into Washington DC that is growing daily. It is noteworthy that racial profiling has had the strongest impact on the youth and children because it is imminent in schools where this age group spend most of their time. As such, the learning institutions are the most appropriate place to start any operation of eradicating racial profiling according to Vargas (2020). This ensures that students come out of schools with enough knowledge on the topic and practical skills on how to coexist with other individuals in the society that may not be of the same race as them. There are different types of racial profiling especially because of the increased growth in cultural disparities (Amenabar & Flynn, 2021) in Washington DC. This paper will investigate the current state of immigrants in the United States and identify the different types of ethnic profiling while assessing their effects on immigration in Washington DC.

The current state of immigrants in the United States

According to Batalova, Hanna, and Levesque (2021), 2020 was the year with the most unprecedented focus on the reduction of immigration because the COVID 19 pandemic had already reduced travel across borders both in the United States and globally, significantly. Overall, the rate of immigration in the United States during this decade has been growing slowly during this decade in comparison to the previous decades. Additionally, the origins of immigrants were also significantly changing as more immigrants were now originating from Asian countries (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). Additionally, the fact that illegal immigrants have been significantly reducing is worth noting. 50% of immigrants that were already in the country in 2019 had entered before the year 2000. This accounts for 29% of all immigrants as at 2019 (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021).  25% had entered between the year 2000 and the year 2009 while the remaining have entered from the year 2010 to date (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). The origins of immigrants has been changing over time given a change from the dominant country being Mexico to Asia, India and China (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). Approximately 85.7 million people in the United States which accounts for about 26% of the total population in the United States is comprised of immigrants and the U.S born children (Batalova, Hanna, & Levesque, 2021). This statistics clearly show that immigration is an important aspect of the United States population and the government, through all its relevant agencies ought to acknowledge this fact and educate the public on the value of coexisting with immigrants to create a united community whose goals achievement will be inevitable. 

Immigration in Washington DC

The American Immigration Council notes that a rough percentage of 14% of the whole population in Washington D.C was born in another country (2020). They make up an important part of the educated labor force in DC because almost three fifths of these immigrants have a higher degree or college degree and up to four fifths are fluent English speakers. This goes to show the extent to which the immigrant population supports DC’S economy through both providing workforce for the companies and industries in D.C and starting new businesses that provide employment to the residents of the region (American Immigration Council, 2020).

The American Immigration Council (2020) statistics articulate:

• 1 in 7 residents of D.C is an immigrant and 1 in 9 is a native born United States citizen with at least one of their parents being immigrants.
• Over 2/5 of immigrants in Washington D.C are U.S citizens by naturalization.
• Most immigrants in Washington D.C are college educated.
• Over 10,000 United States citizens in Washington D.C reside with at least one family member that has not been officially documented.
• Washington D.C is a home for to many deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA)
• One in six employees of workers in Washington D.C is an immigrant, which means that immigrants make up an important part of the workforce.
• All immigrants in Washington D.C contribute over one billion dollars through tax
• Since immigrants are consumers, they significantly contribute to the economy in D.C
• Immigrant entrepreneurs in Washington D.C generate business revenue in millions of dollars.

Given the statistics and facts on immigrants and immigration in Washington D.C as has been articulated by the American Immigration Council above, it is obvious the benefits of having immigrants in Washington DC hence the negative effects that racial profiling against immigrants in D.C may have on the economy and the coexistence within the area as well. According to Stark (2019) the nature of their life calls upon them to work extra hard which is beneficial to both themselves and the D.C economy. This is derived from the story of a college students that starts their day as a normal students and ends it at work, as an elected official.

Types of Racial Profiling In Washington D.C

Racial profiling can be defined as the use of generalizations based on religion, national origin, race or ethnicity as opposed to individual behavior by police, immigration and security officials as the common ground for suspicion when going about important law enforcement actions (Privot, 2009). In simpler terms, racial profiling casts suspicion on individuals solely based on their skin color as opposed to the use of objective evidence. In this context, racial profiling is committed against immigrants by immigration officials and law enforcement officers, a factor that significantly determines their quality of life within Washington D.C as they go about their duties (Privot, 2009). As has been earlier discussed on the value addition by immigrants both in the United States and Washington D.C to be specific. Racial profiling against immigrants definitely leads to the loss of the benefits brought about by integrating legal immigrants and creating an equal opportunities environment for them to earn their living while in the country.

As noted by Privot (2009), the major types of racial profiling are data mining and constant stops and ID checks by government officials for people of color or those that seem not to have originated from Washington D.C and the United States. It is no secret that police have been discriminatory across Washington D.C and the United States as a whole in administering stop and search procedures against specific individuals in the state who most often happen to be immigrants. Unlike normal police encounters on the street or in public places, police raids are the most intrusive police strategy, often involving an unexpected invasion of a building or region, frequently timed to maximize the element of surprise. Raids typically entail the entry of private premises such as residences, places of worship or association, or workplaces (Privot, 2009). They could go after individual addresses or even entire neighborhoods. Raids may be a useful tool for law enforcement and a proper use of police power. Apprehending wanted criminals, acquiring proof of illicit conduct, reclaiming property, preventing the conduct of a crime, and/or confiscating contraband are all legitimate goals of raids (Privot, 2009).

When police decide on targets based on stereotypes linking ethnic or religious groups to crime, or when they target entire communities based on evidence relating to the criminal acts of one or two persons, raids fall under the category of illegal ethnic profiling (Privot, 2009). In practice, some police raids appear to deviate from the intended legitimate goals and involve illegal harassment of minority communities, such as immigrants. A lot of ethnic profiling takes place in the name of immigration control within the United States and in Washington D.C to be specific.

Data mining is another form of racial profiling that more often than not makes use of profiles to be more of criminal profiling against immigrants (Privot, 2009). Data mining typically involves using a set of predetermined features to automatically search large databases of personal information, such as immigration, student records, or health and housing records. Some forms of data extraction do not use personal data, but phone calls or internet logs to find connections between the original suspect and other people who have been in contact with the suspect (Provine, 2013). When data mining uses profiles, these generally, but not always, include race, religion, or national origin (Privot, 2009). If sensitive personal information is included in the data mining configuration file, mining can be legal and comply with legal standards that require legal purpose, proportionality and necessity, provided there is a proven statistical relevance that can increase the efficiency of the mining. Law enforcement to some extent this exceeds any harm that may be caused. An example of data mining occurred in Germany from 2001 to early 2003 (Privot, 2009). After discovering that quite a number of the 9/11 terrorist attacks perpetrators were residing and studying in Hamburg, German officials tried to identify other potential terrorist organizations. The Federal Government of Germany entrusts the state governments to collect and process personal data in massive data mining.

Some of the other main activities that involve racial profiling against immigrants in Washington D.C and other parts in the United States include the interception and searching of people alongside their belongings in ports and airports, intercepting and searching vehicles in ports, clearly linking specific ethnic groups or nationalities with drug trafficking and other crimes and hence taking specific actions based on such premises and lastly, commercial incursions on entrepreneurs that happen to be immigrants (Freed, 2016).

Effects of Ethnic Profiling on Immigration in Washington D.C

Racial profiling, whether intentional, unintentional or explicit, can have negative consequences for the communities and individuals against which such actions are committed (Barthel & Austermuhle, 2021). For those arrested, searched or sometimes detained, this experience with frequent and repeated encounters with other law enforcing officers and the police is definitely terrifying and humiliating for most individuals.

Racial profiling stigmatizes a whole group of individuals most of whom may be innocent, as criminals, illegal immigrants or terrorists. It further legitimizes and strengthens ethnic and racist stereotypes in the entire society, a factor that results in, increased suspicion of minorities as they interact within the majority population hence requiring the placement of new restrictions on them (Hong, 2017).

Ethnic appearance also has a direct impact on the effectiveness of law enforcement. Police work relies on public cooperation to report crimes, provide descriptions of suspects, and give witness testimony (Shjarback et al., 2017). Poor contact between the police and citizens definitely has a negative impact on the confidence of the public in law enforcement, not only for those directly involved, but also for their friends, acquaintances and their families (Hosein, 2017). The lack of or rather, reduced public cooperation and trust definitely impacts the effectiveness of law enforcement negatively.

Conclusion

Conclusively, racial profiling increases the degree of hostility between people and police or other law enforcement officials. The increase in hostility increases the possibility of daily encounters escalating into attacks and conflicts, thereby increasing the safety of officials and community members. As such, the effects ought to be explored and included in the learning system to eradicate the vice at a younger age for an upright community in Washington D.C and the United States as a whole.