1) Discuss how information flows in a typical organisation hierarchy, giving examples of the type of information at each level.

 

2) "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries management looked for breakthroughs to lower costs and accelerate product development that would enable the firm to regain world market leadership in shipbuilding. The company redesigned its entire production process to replace expensive, labour-intensive tasks with robotic machines and computer-aided design tools. Companies should identify a few core business processes to be redesigned, focusing on those with the greatest potential payback" (Davenport and Short, 1990). Using the above statement discuss the 'Business Process Reengineering'

concept.

 

3. 'Top managers (and executives) do not have time to study and analyse large volumes of data. Instead they need an information system that will analyse the data and present it in an easy and elegant manner so that they can make quick and effective decisions'. Discuss the statement with appropriate examples.

 

4. Although the benefits of Internet shopping include convenience and speed, many businesses believe electronic commerce offers them a more meaningful ways to reach and connect with customers. Discuss with examples.

 

5. Information systems can be classified by 1) the specific organizational function they serve as well as by 2) the organizational level. Discuss about

systems in both instances using examples to exemplify your answer.

Ans 1)

Organizations generally follow top to bottom or bottom to top approach in information flowing. Now in top to bottom approach the decision is made by the top most level authority and it is circulated to the juniors and further it keeps channeling down. Example of this case is the new policy issued within the organization by the CEO and delivered to the normal employee.

In the bottom up approach the information channels flow from the lowest working level in the organization to the top most level. Now consider the example of grievance redressal mechanism where thee junior employee files a complaint and depending upon the severity of the complaint the senior authorities look into the matter.

Ans 2)

Business Process Re-engineering is a process of management aspect developed in 1990's, now here in this theory the focus was to identify the core values of the organization and rather than implementing techniques to improve the process, completely re design the process. Now this is opposite what "Kaizen" proposes, but like in the case of Mitsubishi it helped and helped too at various places.

Consider the example of Motorola in 2002, there was Nokia as the dominant mobile phone maker, but then there were people who wanted something new across the table and Moto did it by launching the Moto Razr the most successful phones of all time. They developed Six Sigma and rather than modifying their current manufacturing lines, they made automated lines with accuracy of 99.998% which is a record using Business Process Re-engineering.

Ans 3.)

The above statement is the reason why there are people known as "analysts", earlier people did not have computers a lot and there used to be a huge demand of statisticians to compile data and provide the insights to the higher authority, but with the advancements of technology and computers, data science came into effect in 2010's and its purpose was to do this exactly but only digitally. Now a days there are software's like "Tableau, Hadoop" which will analyse large data sets in some minutes and provide all the graphs and useful insights to the higher authority so that based on this they can make decisions.

Ans 4.)

Examples of this statement mentioned can be the services of "Amazon", like any commerce company it sells products to the customers, but it goes the extra mile by providing them reminders like when their groceries are running out, it helps them listen to music, and recommends them movies based on their shopping history and music preference, so this is not just being a seller but getting into the daily life of the customer and is known as "Total Care Package".

Ans 5.)

For a specific purpose consider the example of ERP solutions being offered and used in most organizations or Cloud based storage services by the organizations, now coming to the second part where information system used are at organizational level, then there is going to be Servers, devices which are to be used at various section's of the organization rather than just one and it is a critical part of the organization's working.

Step-by-step explanation

I have well explained all the parts of the question with proper examples, if you want to further read into the topic i would suggest to read documents of "SAP" and "Xerox" as they have mastered the concepts that you require as per the question, also if you want to study from a book then i would suggest reading man power planning and organizational structure chapters in any management books available free of cost online. Regarding the last part of the question see the documentation of "Cisco" and "Microsoft Azure", i cannot attach these documents due to copyright issues, but you can easily find them on the internet.