Written Response 5

Review and Study Guide, Chapter II: Obstacles to Critical Thinking

1. Explain/define the following by way of Lewis Vaughn text Chapter 2:
   • Explain one obstacle to critical thinking that occurs because of how we think.

• Explain one obstacle to critical thinking that occurs because of what we think.

• Explain the difference between subjective relativism and social relativism.

• Explain what a stereotype is.

• Explain what a worldview is.

Review and Study Guide, Chapter II: Obstacles to Critical Thinking

Explain/define the following by way of Lewis Vaughn text Chapter 2:

Explain one obstacle to critical thinking that occurs because of how we think

Obstacles to critical thinking because of how we think comprise the physiological factors, which include fear. Fear is an obstacle developed because of how we think and makes individuals unconfident and demotivated to think and develop new strategies. Fear can arouse other aspects such as depression, anxiety, and self-esteem that blocks critical thinking.

Explain one obstacle to critical thinking that occurs because of what we think.

Obstacles to critical thinking because of what we think are developed from our philosophical beliefs. For instance, biased experiences define people's philosophical beliefs, and they form one of the common barriers to critical thinking. This biased experience prohibits an individual from making decisions that are open-minded, fair, and transparent. Therefore, individual with biased experiences struggle to think critically because of what he/she thinks.

Explain the difference between subjective relativism and social relativism

Subjective relativism argues that no universal norms dictate what is right and wrong, but each person decides what is right or wrong based on themselves (Vaughn, 2015).  For instance, if a person decides that abortion is right for themselves, then it so. On the other hand, social relativism argued that beliefs on what right or wrong should be based on different social contexts bring out diversity in values and beliefs. Therefore, what is right or wrong is based on societal beliefs and not an individual decision.

Explain what a stereotype is

A stereotype is a generalized and prevailing belief about a given group of people. Stereotyping involves expecting that every person from a specific group has a specific ability, personality, appearance, or personality.

Explain what a worldview is

A worldview refers to the collection of values, expectations, stories, and attitudes concerning one's surroundings, which informs each of his/her actions or thoughts. A worldview entails how culture impacts one's ethics, mindset, scientific beliefs, life formula, and religion.