Above is a picture of people who came to protest Freddie Gray's death that occurred while he was in police custody (p.511)

Which theory of collective behavior argues that crowd behavior can appear to look chaotic and disorganized, but crowd members actually stake stock of what is going on around them and are mindful of their personal motivations and collectively define the situation they find themselves in?

Contagion theory

Emergent Norm Theory

Value Added Theory

All of the above

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