How to Change the World: Or: What, if Anything, Can be Done to Reduce the Effects of Anarchy? Background: We’ve spent the entire semester examining how the world works

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How to Change the World: Or: What, if Anything, Can be Done to Reduce the Effects of Anarchy? Background: We’ve spent the entire semester examining how the world works. Now it’s time to turn the tables. For this assignment, you will put yourself smack dab in the middle of the major international relations paradigms. You will be challenged to consider how you really think the world works. Assume, for the purposes of this assignment, that in the course of your career you want to have the biggest impact humanly possible on mitigating anarchy --- on bringing some kind of order to the world. Your mission in your life (at least for this paper!), in sum is to do everything you can to bring peace and cooperation to the world. Knowing what you know now about the major theories of IR --- about how the world works --- what would you do? How would you go about accomplishing your mission --- if you even think it’s possible? The goal here is to mesh your worldview (paradigm) with your personal goals (career). 1. Tell us your chosen paradigm/belief and be specific (for example, don’t just say Liberalism): Please begin: “I believe that…and why? 2. Tell us your chosen career path: Please begin: “Thus, in accordance with my beliefs, I plan on becoming... 3. Give us a brief Explanation: Please begin: “This way, I will help change the world -- and reduce the effects of anarchy -- by…. ! Essay: Write a 4 page essay. It will be one continuous, seamless essay. Some recommendations for things to include:: Thesis paragraph. Begin with a thesis paragraph where you set forth your main argument. Be sure to construct an essay that flows and that transitions from paragraph to paragraph. Your thesis paragraph is your paper’s roadmap: it makes a claim and sets forth what you will argue. This is your roadmap where you indicate briefly how the world works and how your chosen career path aligns with that worldview. Intellectual Mission Statement. Be sure to explain how you think the world works (Are you a Realist, Liberal Institutionalist, Liberal Internationalist, Liberal Commercialist, Constructivist, Feminist, etc?). Draw on readings and discussions from class. Paint your intellectual mission statement. Be reflective. Tell me not just what you believe but how you came to believe it. What convinced you? What, if anything, changed your mind? 1 Chosen Career Path. What career path are you choosing to do everything you can to bring peace and cooperation to the world? Based on your chosen worldview, map out a career path for yourself. What kind of work would you do? What specific job(s) would you pursue? Explain not just what you will do, but how you will do it. Be realistic but also feel free to be creative and push the limits. Your goal is to stay within the framework of your life and its vast possibilities (i.e., stay away from sci-fi). In other words, since you believe certain things about the world, then you will seek to bring order to the world by doing x…. Explaining Your Career Path – explaining why your career path makes sense. Flesh out why your chosen career path reflects your worldview. If, for example, you’re a realist, then you believe certain things about the way the world works, so it only makes sense that you chose to be X because…. Defending your Career Path. Be sure to explain why your path is a good bet. Do this based, specifically, on what your worldview suggests about how the world is changing (i.e., population, globalization, technology, power/unipolarity, etc.) Also be sure to reflect on how worldview conceptualizes the ability of individuals (such as yourself) to impact the world. Alternative Paths – or what others will say about you. Finally, assess how the other worldviews will critique your career path: how they would find fault in your path’s ability to mitigate anarchy or bring order to the world; and how you predict the world will be changing. What, in sum, would they say to you about your career path and its ability to change the world? Do you find merit in any of these critiques? Why? Fine Print: **4 Pages, double-spaced, 12 point Times New Roman Font (not including citations/bibliography – info on citations in next section below). Thus, the paper is 4 pages + a bibliography (for a total of around 5 pages). Thus, the bibliography does not count in the page limit. **You can always turn your paper in early if you wish. But extensions will only be granted in rare circumstances. **IMPORTANT NOTE: You can choose any career path you like except President of the United States of Secretary General of the UN. Feel free to be creative and original. It’s a big world out there and the sky’s the limit! **Remember to explain everything – and make your argument as persuasive as possible. Assume the audience is a skeptical parent. You need to explain everything to them and you really need to convince them that your path is the right path. **The USD Writing Center is always a great resource. Citations Advice: 2 **Consult and cite at least 3 sources from outside the syllabus (2 of which MUST be from scholarly sources – namely journal articles or books by university presses; the other sources could include primary sources, newspaper or magazine articles, essays or books). **Of course, you can cite readings from the course in addition to the 3. **Every fact or assertion needs to be cited/sourced. **Wikipedia is not a legitimate source. **Citations and bibliography should consistently and clearly follow the MLA FORMAT. Formatting Advice: **Use 12 point Times New Roman Font and standard, non-justified one-inch margins. **You must include page numbers and a title page. The title page should include your name and the title of your paper. **Paper must be submitted in .doc, .docs or .pdf. You must also include a bibliography (that is not included in the page limit). 3 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S DAY Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact In countries around the world, progress de?es the backlash. BY MEIGHAN STONE, RACHEL VOGELSTEIN MARCH 7, 2019, 7:40 PM F irst launched by the activist Tarana Burke in the United States a decade ago, the Me Too movement has now reached nearly every region of the world; the phrase itself, and the viral hashtag #MeToo, is in regular rotation in more than 85 nations. Comparable local campaigns exist in dozens more. Women who previously endured abuse, harassment, and discrimination in silence have raised their voices en masse, collaborating across borders to demand reform. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 1/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy But for all that momentum, an Economist survey shows that skepticism of harassment claims has grown. And though a rising number of female candidates have run for political o?ce in countries globally, women remain dramatically underrepresented at the highest levels. It’s all too easy to despair. Fear not. A fundamental shift in women’s rights is underway. The #MeToo movement continues to achieve widespread—and tangible—progress on a global scale. Its in?uence can be measured in the courts, in changing legislation, and, paradoxically, in the growing backlash. Take the story of Khadija Siddiqi, a law student in Pakistan who was stabbed 23 times in 2016 by a fellow classmate after spurning his advances. Her well-connected attacker was later acquitted by a court system that routinely excuses perpetrators of violence against https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 2/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy women. But Khadija refused to remain silent—and more than 2 million supporters used the hashtag #JusticeforKhadija to champion her case on social media, ultimately helping her win her appeal. “Today is a day of victory for all women,” she de?antly told reporters in January from the steps of Pakistan’s Supreme Court, after more than two years of ?ghting. “A precedent has been set that if you raise your voice for truth, you will taste victory.” khadija siddiqi @khadeeeej751 Alhumdulilah!! Historic verdict. All shackles broken. Justice prevails, truth triumphs over falsehood! 5,083 8:10 AM - Jan 23, 2019 974 people are talking about this Much like Khadija, women around the world are defying critics of the #MeToo movement and, armed with little more than social media campaigns and raw determination, joining in a rising call for justice. And like Khadija, more than ever before, they are winning. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 3/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy Initial #MeToo accusations led to an avalanche of global resignations and oustings across the private and public sectors. As legal cases now wind their way through the court system, the rapid-?re pace of news has slowed, which some critics interpret as a sign of failure. But in recent months, courts around the world have handed down sentences that de?nitively reinforce the cultural shifts driven by the #MeToo movement. In South Korea, Sweden, and Egypt, the landmark cases that ?rst sparked a reckoning on sexual violence in these countries have all handed victories to the accusers. In South Korea, the burgeoning #MeToo movement began with a televised interview of the lawyer Seo Ji-hyun, who took the unprecedented step of publicly accusing her former boss, the senior prosecutor Ahn Tae-geun, of sexual misconduct. Her courage inspired hundreds of others to step forward, leading to the sudden resignation of several Korean sports ?gures, literary elites, and politicians. This January, both Ahn and the actor Lee Myung-haeng—one of the ?rst accused of harassment in South Korea’s entertainment sector—received prison sentences of two years and eight months, respectively. In another victory in February, former presidential hopeful Ahn Hee-jung—initially acquitted by a lower court on charges of sexual abuse—was sent to prison for three and a half years on appeal. The #MeToo movement in Sweden ignited following the high-pro?le case of Jean-Claude Arnault, which led to the cancellation of the 2018 Nobel Prize in literature. After the ?rst accusation against Arnault, 18 women came forward with allegations of sexual https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 4/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy misconduct that had taken place over a period of 20 years. In October, he was found guilty of rape and sentenced to two years in prison. When he contested the decision in December, the appeals court actually increased his sentence. And in Egypt, a viral video of Rania Fahmy, a young woman ?ghting back against her attacker, not only started a regional conversation on sexual harassment but also set a new legal precedent for all Egyptian women. Fahmy’s de?ance—and deft use of her handbag to ward o? her attacker—was captured by a store security camera in August 2017. She ?led charges using the footage as evidence and, despite attempts to bribe her to drop the case, in February became one of the very ?rst Egyptian women to win a court ruling on sexual harassment charges. Abu Eesa Niamatullah @Niamatullah Rania Fahmy from Egypt. Don't forget the name. A hero of our time. She not only gave this pervert a beating, but she has just achieved the rarest of rare results when it comes to sexual harassment: victory in court and a jail sentence for the scumbag. What a shot! #TimesUp https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 5/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy 128 11:05 AM - Feb 22, 2018 65 people are talking about this https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 6/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy Eva Joly (first row), a French member of the European Parliament, holds a #MeToo placard during a debate about sexual harassment and abuse at the European Parliament in Strasbourg, eastern France, on Oct. 25, 2017. (Patrick Hertzog/AFP/Getty Images) The #MeToo movement has also led to legislative reform. In France, the minister for gender equality, Marlène Schiappa, struck by the overwhelming response to the hashtag #BalanceTonPorc (“Expose Your Pig”)—the French hashtag encouraging women to name their harassers—wrote a comprehensive bill on sexual harassment. Her bill, passed in August 2018, extends the statute of limitations for sex crimes, creates new sanctions for cyberstalking, street harassment, and “upskirting”—taking nonconsensual photographs underneath a woman’s skirt—and https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 7/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy imposes ?nes for street harassment. The law saw its ?rst test in September, when a man was found guilty and ?ned 300 euros (about $350) for making lewd and insulting comments. Last August, China—a country that lacks any legal prohibition against sexual harassment —announced proposed legislation that would ban the o?ense and require that employers “take reasonable measures” to prevent it. The new workplace protections are part of a wide-ranging civil code reform that will be completed in 2020. And in September, an online petition initiated in Japan—which also lacks a legal prohibition on sexual harassment—prompted the Labor Policy Council, an advisory body of the labor ministry, to convene public discussions on harassment in the workplace. In a win for activists, the labor ministry announced during these discussions that it would submit legislation to address workplace harassment this year. Further, following countrywide protests in April 2018 over the light sentencing of rapists, the Spanish government promised to change the penal code to make rape convictions easier. The conversation about #MeToo in Morocco re-energized support for comprehensive new legislation on violence against women that criminalized sexual harassment as well as forced marriage and domestic violence. The bill had been debated for years, but a series of high-pro?le assaults that went viral in 2017 helped spur de?nitive action. #MeToo is also changing how parliaments themselves do business. Government ministers around the world have resigned in the wake of accusations, including a https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 8/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy spokesman for the Israeli prime minister, the British defense secretary, and nine members of the U.S. Congress. Within months of the ?rst wave of #MeToo actions, the U.K. and Australian parliaments passed new codes of conduct for members. And U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres created an overdue task force on sexual harassment to ramp up institutional responses to abuse. Furthermore, at a global level, the International Labour Organization plans to vote this summer on a proposed convention that would create an international standard prohibiting harassment in the workplace for the ?rst time. Its passage would set a new international precedent, calling on countries that ratify it to adopt legislation and policies to address harassment. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 9/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy A woman shouts slogans during the Dignity March in New Delhi on Feb. 22 as thousands of women walked across India, starting in Mumbai on Dec. 20, 2018, to raise awareness for sexual assault survivors and their fight for justice. (Chandan Khanna/AFP/Getty Images) Even in nations where women haven’t yet won legal or legislative victories, the online #MeToo movement continues to fuel real-time protest marches, civil society programs, and unprecedented disruption of the silence and stigma surrounding sexual assault and harassment. In Senegal, for example, two women in Dakar started the hashtag #Nopiwouma (Wolof for “I Will Not Shut Up”) to encourage women to speak out about harassment and assault. Though the public campaign has been slow to spread due to a lack of internet penetration and entrenched cultural shame, its founders have received a ?ood of private messages from women around the country. They started a Google survey for anonymous reports, and 90 percent of the women who have responded say it’s the ?rst time they’ve ever spoken about their experience. UN Women https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 10/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy @UN Women #Nopiwouma = "I will not shut up." See how these two Senegalese women are creating a #MeToo movement of their own: ow.ly/AxaG30n45Mp v @CNN The Me Too movement was silent in Senegal… cnn.com 276 12:35 AM - Dec 27, 2018 163 people are talking about this A continent away in Central Asia, women also report a shift from silence to empowerment. “For the ?rst time in Kazakhstan, we started talking openly about the issue,” said the activist Dina Smailova after posting on Facebook her own story of the gang rape she had endured and then kept secret for 25 years. The outpouring of responses inspired her to support other survivors of violence in taking their attackers to court. In some cases, perpetrators are experiencing consequences for the harassment of women for the very ?rst time, from public shaming to resignations. Take Nigeria, which as of 2015 had only 18 recorded rape convictions in its entire legal history since independence, which re?ects serious underreporting, underenforcement, or likely both. So, in April https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 11/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy 2018, when the 23-year-old Nigerian student Monica Osagie was given an ultimatum by her professor—sleep with him or fail the course—it was unlikely that she would have seen a victory in court. But Osagie de?ed history by recording the professor’s threat and presenting hard evidence to the university. Ultimately, the professor was suspended, and the recording went viral, sparking a nationwide conversation about academic harassment and laying groundwork for future court cases. Archive of the President of the 8th Senate @SP8thNGRSenate UPDATE: The Nigerian Senate has passed a Motion on the growing trend of sexual harassment in our higher institutions of learning -- with a spotlight on the case of Miss Monica Osagie, an OAU student who named her lecturer in a ‘sex-for-grades’ scandal. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 12/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy 330 5:37 AM - May 30, 2018 347 people are talking about this In India, the lawyer and activist Vrinda Grover has likened #MeToo to a wave. “Until now, we have seen consequences only on the women who complained. This time, the consequences are for those who have committed the misconduct,” she told the New York Times. Though India’s court system is notoriously slow in processing rape and sexual harassment claims, the online pressure led to resignations from several high-pro?le cultural ?gures, including a senior editor at the Hindustan Times, partners at a major Bollywood production house Phantom Films, and the founders of the popular comedy troupe All India Bakchod. And it was overwhelmingly young Indian women—from journalists at new media outlets like BuzzFeed to social media users—who provided fuel for the ?re. Raksha Kumar @Raksha_Kumar NOTHING, absolutely nothing, has made me happier in the past few days. #MeTooIndia #MeToo #TimesUp thequint.com/news/india/me-… https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 13/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy #MeToo Reaches Rural India: ‘Men Have Stopped Sending Us … While women from English newsrooms say #MeToo, ground reporters show the movement has trickled down. thequint.com 749 8:13 PM - Oct 19, 2018 331 people are talking about this https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 14/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy The Journalist Priya Ramani leaves the Patiala House Court after getting bail in a defamation case filed by Indian Junior Minister M.J. Akbar in New Delhi on Feb. 25. (Sanchit Khanna/Hindustan Times via Getty Images) To be sure, as the #MeToo movement achieves concrete victories, a backlash has also grown. Defamation suits, targeted harassment, and even arrests are all part of concerted e?orts to disparage and silence women. There have been personal countersuits, as alleged perpetrators take their accusers to court for reputational damages. The journalist Sandra Muller—who launched France’s #MeToo movement and was honored as a “silence breaker” by Time magazine—is being sued for slander by the senior television producer she accused, even after he publicly admitted to making the comments she posted about on Twitter. The case is expected to go to court later this spring. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 15/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy In India, Priya Ramani, the ?rst of 20 women to accuse Indian Junior Minister M.J. Akbar of sexual harassment, is currently being sued for defamation and faces criminal charges at an upcoming April hearing. In China, Xianzi, a young intern who took on one of her country’s biggest television stars after he allegedly molested her, will face the newscaster in court over charges that she damaged his reputation and mental wellbeing. Advocates globally wait anxiously to see how they will be decided; the fear is that the high cost of defending against these cases could scare o? potential future victims from coming forward. In countries such as Austria, where the legal system heavily favors perpetrators, experts report that lawsuits, or even the threat of legal action, has had a chilling e?ect on the #MeToo movement, inhibiting the open dialogue that has ?ourished in neighboring countries. “This really is a big issue for many women,” the lawyer Maria Windhager told CNN in January. In one example of the country’s severe laws, a former member of Parliament, Sigrid Maurer, was convicted of libel after publishing obscene messages she received on her Facebook page from a shop owner. The man prevailed in a lawsuit against Maurer, arguing she could not prove that he himself had written the harassing messages, since others in his shop could have had access to his computer and Facebook pro?le. In other cases, governments have driven the backlash, with sinister consequences. In Egypt, at least two women have been arrested for social media posts about sexual harassment. Part of a widespread crackdown on dissent, the government casts the #MeToo movement as a form of sedition: May El Shamy, the ?rst Egyptian to ?le a police https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 16/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy report against her supervisor, has been the target of a smear campaign falsely linking her to the banned Muslim Brotherhood. After criticizing the government for not protecting women from harassment, the activist Amal Fathy was sentenced to two years in prison in September 2018, with authorities claiming that she was undermining the country’s image. In June, a Lebanese tourist who posted a video complaining about sexual harassment in Egypt was arrested at the Cairo airport for spreading false rumors. Although these women have since been released and had their sentences commuted, others are not so lucky. In China, feminist organizers face constant surveillance and arrest for their advocacy, and the government deletes any #MeToo posts from the Chinese social media platform Weibo within minutes. Students at Peking University who ?rst galvanized the #MeToo movement have faced consequences after demanding the school release information about a decades-old case where a student had committed suicide after being assaulted by a professor. Yue Xin, one of the students, and a 2019 Foreign Policy Global Thinker, was threatened with expulsion, inspiring widespread outrage. But in August, police raided an apartment where Yue and fellow student activists were staying. She has not been heard from since. Krystal Hu @readkrystalhu blockchain VS censorship in China: Peking University student Yue Xin said school forced her to drop info disclosure request on an ex-prof's sexual harassment case. Her letter got removed https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 17/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy from social media so people put it on blockchain "no one can change it, everyone can read it" 338 1:57 PM - Apr 23, 2018 258 people are talking about this https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 18/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy A protester shows her hand, scrawled with #MeToo and #BalanceTonPorc, during a gathering against gender-based and sexual violence on the Place de la République in Paris on Oct. 29, 2017. (Bertrand Guay/AFP/Getty Images) https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 19/21 1/25/2020 Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy Extreme action against leaders of the #MeToo movement is not a sign of its weakness but rather an indication of its revolutionary potential. Like other protest movements throughout history—from the U.S. civil rights movement to the nonviolent struggle for Indian independence—early victories that threaten the status quo draw ire from entrenched elites. In the case of #MeToo, these elites have marshaled legal, ?nancial, and government resources to try to suppress women’s rising voices—but, as history teaches, these e?orts rarely succeed over the long term. It will be a long journey. More time is required to achieve substantive change to entrenched policy and bureaucracy. It won’t be an easy path to erode the male privilege encoded in laws and tradition throughout much of human history. But drawing conclusions about the movement’s strength based on the continued underrepresentation of women in power, or individual instances in which perpetrators escape consequences, misses the historic shift in courts, legislatures, and social norms taking place globally. The broader trend is unmistakable: Women are defying precedent, making change, and shaping a new future around the world. Meighan Stone is a senior fellow for women and foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations. Rachel Vogelstein is the Douglas Dillon senior fellow and the director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program at the Council on Foreign Relations. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ 20/21 1/25/2020 https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/07/metooglobalimpactinternationalwomens-day/ Celebrating #MeToo’s Global Impact – Foreign Policy 21/21 Foreign Affairs - Let Women Rule - Swanee Hunt ! "! $( " & ' ! ' )) !# $ $ $ (& & ! ! " ! $ % & & & & " % " $ %%& $ %%' Page 1 of 6 # ! "% $ *$ * "( " ( ) * # +, % &% ! ! $ !% $ ## - # +,-./ 0 !# "!( " & $ # ! ! $ ! # !! $ $ && $ # 1 !# $ # $ ! !# * $ !% ! & $ % "# & & (/! & ! $ $ '% % # $ %% ( 2 334 * " & & ! 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" $ $& & = $ %% ! $# " !# # &" # ! ! & " $ " &! ! ! # ! !# % % ! % % ! ! #$& !8 " ! & !. $ ' 6! * $ 6 * < 1(0! "$! $ ! !& ! & $ & < ! !! $ $ $! $ $ $ # ! % $$ 6 $ ' $$ ' & " % ( 6 $ $ ! 6 ' 6! ( * " ( ( & " & & (" % "! )) ? ! "@ ( "! http://www.foreignaffairs.org/previews/8220/20070501faessay86310/swanee-hunt/let-wo... ' ( & ! #$( 4/23/2007 1/27/2020 Why do so many Americans now support legalizing marijuana? Academic rigor, journalistic ?air A man holds up a joint during a 2017 rally to support the legalization of marijuana in Washington, D.C. AP Photo/Alex Brandon Why do so many Americans now support legalizing marijuana? February 5, 2019 6.39am EST American views on marijuana have shifted incredibly rapidly. Thirty years ago, Authors marijuana legalization seemed like a lost cause. In 1988, only 24 percent of Americans supported legalization. But steadily, the nation began to liberalize. By 2018, 66 percent of U.S. residents offered their approval, transforming marijuana legalization from a libertarian fantasy into a mainstream cause. Many state laws have changed as well. Over the Amy Adamczyk Professor of Sociology and Criminal Justice, City University of New York last quarter-century, 10 states have legalized recreational marijuana, while 22 states have legalized medical marijuana. So why has public opinion changed dramatically in favor of legalization? In a study Christopher Thomas published this February, we examined a range of possible reasons, finding that the Ph.D Candidate in Criminal Justice, John media likely had the greatest influence. Jay College of Criminal Justice Jacob Felson Associate Professor of Sociology, William Paterson University https://theconversation.com/why-do-so-many-americans-now-support-legalizing-marijuana-110593 1/6 1/27/2020 Why do so many Americans now support legalizing marijuana? Americans' views on marijuana In 1969, just 12.5 percent of Americans said they were in favor of legalized marijuana. Support has climbed signi cantly according to multiple social surveys. General Social Survey 70.0% Gallup National Survey on Drug Use and Health 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 It’s not about use, geography or demographics Our study ruled out a few obvious possibilities. For one, it’s not about marijuana use. Yes, marijuana use has increased. Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health show that, in 2002, about 10 percent of adults reported using marijuana the previous year. By 2015, 13.5 percent reported using. But that increase is too small to have had much of an impact on attitudes. And it’s not about older, more conservative Americans being replaced by younger generations who are more familiar with marijuana. Both younger and older people developed more liberal views about the legalization of marijuana at a similar pace over the last 30 years. In this way, changes in attitudes about marijuana legalization mirror recent increases in support for LGBTQ individuals. We looked to see if people who lived in states where it was illegal, but resided next to ones where it became legal, were more likely to have changed their views. But the rate of change has been no different in states that legalized marijuana than in others. https://theconversation.com/why-do-so-many-americans-now-support-legalizing-marijuana-110593 2/6 1/27/2020 Why do so many Americans now support legalizing marijuana? Views on marijuana by political party As of 2016, 67.5 percent of Democrats and 47.6 percent of Republicans think that marijuana should be legal. 80.0% 70.0% Democrats 60.0% Independents 50.0% Republicans 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Chart: The Conversation, CC-BY-ND • Source: Social Science Research (2019) • Get the data Likewise, the pace of change has been similar across political parties, religions, educational levels, racial and ethnic groups and gender. As politically polarized as the country may seem, when it comes to marijuana, Americans have been changing their attitudes together, as a nation. We did find that a small part of the increase in support was related to more people disaffiliating with religion. The proportion of people who do not identify with a religion has increased some, by about 7 percent between 2007 and 2014. People who do not have a religion tend to be more liberal than others. However, this factor accounts for only a small proportion of the change. Media medical framing So what’s going on? What has likely made the biggest difference is how the media has portrayed marijuana. Support for legalization began to increase shortly after the news media began to frame marijuana as a medical issue. https://theconversation.com/why-do-so-many-americans-now-support-legalizing-marijuana-110593 3/6 1/27/2020 Why do so many Americans now support legalizing marijuana? New York Times marijuana coverage 2015-16 2013-14 2011-12 2009-2010 2007-08 2005-06 2003-04 Other Schedule I drugs 2001-02 1999-2000 1997-98 1995-96 1993-94 1991-92 1989-90 1987-88 Other 1985-86 Medical frame Drug tra cking and abuse Politics and policy 1983-84 In 1983-4, most articles on marijuana in the New York Times discussed problem related to the drug, such as crime. In recent years, a higher proportion of the newspaper's coverage of marijuana has focused on medical issues. Chart: The Conversation, CC-BY-ND • Source: Social Science Research (2019) • Get the data We took The New York Times as a case study, looking at the number of published articles from 1983 to 2015 about marijuana. Just before the number of Americans supporting legalization began to increase, we found a sharp increase in the proportion of articles about marijuana that discussed its medical uses. In the 1980s, the vast majority of New York Times stories about marijuana were about drug trafficking and abuse or other Schedule I drugs. At that time, The New York Times was more likely to lump marijuana together in a kind of unholy trinity with cocaine and heroin in discussions about drug smuggling, drug dealers and the like. During the 1990s, stories discussing marijuana in criminal terms became less prevalent. Meanwhile, the number of articles discussing the medical uses of marijuana slowly increased. By the late 1990s, marijuana was rarely discussed in the context of drug trafficking and drug abuse. And marijuana had lost its association with other Schedule I drugs like cocaine and heroin in the New York Times. Gradually, the stereotypical persona of the marijuana user shifted from the stoned slacker wanting to get high to the aging boomer seeking pain relief. Of course, many Americans do not read The New York Times. But analysis of newspapers of record, like this one, provide insight into how the news media has changed its framing of marijuana, especially during an era when newspapers were still a primary news source. Harsh criminal justice system https://theconversation.com/why-do-so-many-americans-now-support-legalizing-marijuana-110593 4/6 1/27/2020 Why do so many Americans now support legalizing marijuana? As Americans became more supportive of marijuana legalization, they also increasingly told survey researchers that the criminal justice system was too harsh. In the late 1980s, the “war on drugs” and sentencing reform laws put a large number of young men, often black and Latino, behind bars for lengthy periods of time. As Americans started to feel the full social and economic effects of tough-on-crime initiatives, they reconsidered the problems with criminalizing marijuana. Views on drugs and crime The proportion of Americans who support legalizing marijuana has closely tracked with the proportion of Americans who think the criminal justice system is too harsh. Support legalization of marijuana Think criminal justice system is too harsh 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Chart: The Conversation, CC-BY-ND • Source: Social Science Research (2019) • Get the data Because support for the legalization of marijuana and concerns about the harshness of the criminal justice system changed at about the same time, it’s difficult to know what came first. Did concern about the harshness of the criminal justice system affect support for legalization – or vice versa? By contrast, the cause and effect is clearer with respect to the media framing of marijuana. The news media’s portrayal of marijuana began to change shortly before the public did, suggesting that the media influenced support for the legalization of marijuana. Once attitudes begin to change, it is difficult to know what keeps the momentum moving. Whatever the initial impetus, attitudes today are drastically more supportive, and legalization is increasing fast. ? Media Crime Legalized pot Marijuana Drugs Criminal justice Demographics Public opinion Medical marijuana Charts You might also like CBD: Rising star or popular fad? https://theconversation.com/why-do-so-many-americans-now-support-legalizing-marijuana-110593 5/6 These TV shows are changing the way we see immigrants, a new study finds By LAURA ZORNOSA STAFF WRITER https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-09-23/change-the-narrative-change-the-world-immigrantrepresentation-on-tv SEP. 23, 2020 Two children sit alone, facing a judge in an immigration court set in Litchfield, N.Y. “Ms. Casillas, do you and your brother have a lawyer?” the judge asks. The little girl shakes her head. “Do you know what a lawyer is?” the judge replies. “No,” the little girl whispers. “Well, do you understand that we are here to determine whether or not you two can remain in the United States?” “Can I use the bathroom?” the girls asks, clutching her little brother’s hand. The new study found that TV shows with immigrant characters — such as “Ramy,” “One Day at a Time” and “How to Get Away With Murder” — are inspiring viewers to take real-life action. Researchers looked at how three key immigration storylines from “Orange Is the New Black,” “Madam Secretary” and “Superstore” changed viewers’ understanding of and attitudes toward immigrants. 1 For Nico Santos, who plays sales associate Mateo Liwanag on “Superstore,” that perception — especially of the immigrants who have entered the country illegally or overstayed their visas — matters. “For me, as a Filipino immigrant, I know — a lot of members of my family, or close friends, people in my immediate circle — we all know somebody who is undocumented. It’s part of the immigrant experience,” Santos told The Times. “If you’re an immigrant, you’re going to know somebody who’s undocumented, whether it’s you personally, somebody in your own family, a close friend or a friend of a friend,” Santos said. “It’s just part of how we come to be.” The more often people watched shows featuring immigrant characters, the report found, the more they agreed that the U.S. should welcome more immigrants. “Orange Is the New Black” viewers were more likely to become active on social media, letting their friends and followers know that they stood with immigrants in their communities. Those who watched “Madam Secretary” became more likely to attend a rally and go to community events to support immigrants. “Superstore” audiences took more immigration-related actions overall: They spoke up for immigrants across social media and in conversations with friends. As a whole, people who watched these stories also had more inclusive attitudes toward immigrants. They were more comfortable meeting immigrants and more opposed to charging immigrant parents as criminals. But this was no “ideological bubble.” Survey participants came from all walks of life, political ideologies, geographic locations and racial backgrounds. The sample spanned 940 adults who were at least occasional viewers of one or more of the three shows in the 2018–2019 season. 2 The study also took a hard look at content and found that factors like race and immigration status were often misrepresented on TV. Researchers analyzed 129 unique immigrant characters across 97 episodes of 59 TV shows that aired in the 2018-2019 season, and found an overrepresentation of Middle Eastern immigrants and an underrepresentation of Asian and Pacific Island immigrants — a trend that hasn’t changed since the first report in 2018. Also overrepresented? Immigrants in the country unlawfully, like Maritza Ramos (Diane Guerrero) on “Orange Is the New Black,” and Mateo Liwanag (Santos) on “Superstore.” Of the characters that the study analyzed with an identified immigration status, 63% lacked documentation or were asylum seekers. In reality, only 24% of immigrants in the U.S. are unauthorized. Negative stereotypes kept cropping up too: 22% of immigrant characters were associated with some form of crime, the study found. (Although that is an improvement over 34% in 2018.) At an episode level, negative buzzwords made up the most commonly represented immigration issues. Deportation, for instance, appeared in 29% of episodes, ICE in 25%, mentions of terms “illegal” in 22% and “undocumented” in 17%. For the second straight year, no transgender immigrant characters appeared on TV, and those with disabilities and Black immigrants were also underrepresented. After the Season 4 finale of “Superstore” — in which his character, Mateo (who is a queer, Filipino immigrant just like Santos), is taken away by ICE — Santos received an outpouring of fan support. He saw firsthand how much representation mattered to marginalized groups. “When you hear stories like that episode meaning a lot: ‘My aunt, my uncle, my brother, I am undocumented, and seeing your experience,’” Santos said. “It’s such a cliche, but representation matters. … All caps. It really does.”