C ? empowerment years, with no in more detail, later

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C ? empowerment years, with no in more detail, later.) Finally, in Chapter 11 we referred to an episod issued a ban on the use of saccharin, an artificial administrator within the FDA subsequently recei supporters of saccharin, prompting the agency relevant point, here, is that this occurred in 1977 One can only imagine the number of e-mails, I so on that we would find today, in response to a taken by a federal agency (the number surely wc Another major change concerns the efforts as well as demands for new forms of interacting cess via e-gov, social media, and the Internet). I the liberal side of the political spectrum has participation, or empowerment, in decision as well as external participation by affected cli both of these themes were taken up by other not liberal, including President Clinton. Bu dimensions as well. One is devolution (transfe and local governments, advocated by many po poused by former high-level Clinton adminis in Chapter 3, federal block grants began a m for important social programs to state govern significance of this shift is immense, politicall demands for greater participation and for de of “bigness," and represent an attempt to ga clienteles and interest groups. The other dir tural in nature but reflects the same impulse government. Regional associations of govern economic development commissions, and have sprung up, partly at the behest of natic approach to citizen participation or management that stresses extended customer satisfaction, examines relationships among existing management processes, seeks to improve internal agency communications, and responds to valid customer demands; in exchange for the authority to make decisions at the point of customer contact, all “empowered” employees must be thoroughly trained, and the results must be carefully monitored. virtual campaign to local involvement, such as that which ch career of then-Senator Barack Obama. Ele lution combined with expanded use of IC tive and economic considerations, have play such organizations. Since 2004, existing preferences for a have been incorporated into American virt puters and smart phones. During the 200: Obama created a virtual campaign office gether and collaborate on different tasks, ing, and retreats. But he knew that suppo deliberate use of Internet communication technology to communicate with potential voters and manage political campaigns. Challenges and Prospects in a Turbulent Future: Results, Regu 516 PART 4 Electoral College presidential hopeful) Newt Gingrich's resigna Republican impeachment attempt in 1999, the debacle in 2000, Democratic gains in U.S. H. and voter reactions in 2010 to the first two y make it difficult to predict how voters will re tive members of the Republican Party are trou disregard of long-standing constitutional and Patrick J. Buchanan, former Nixon press se and national media commentator, “with (Se call. With Katrina, the smoke alarm went thentic conservatism that will end our Asian budgets back into balance, no matter the p on us all for sacrifices.”12 Indeed, during the (2001–2009), the discretionary share of the f and homeland security expenses, increased since World War II. These sentiments wer in 2000. a mechanism established under the Constitution to choose the president and the vice president of the United States. Each state has as many electoral votes as members in Congress and its delegates, called electors, can be selected by any method. Candidates who win the popular vote in each state receive all of that state's electoral votes (except in Maine and Nebraska). Under this system, a presidential candidate can lead in the nationwide popular vote and can still fail to win the required anti-Republican votes in 2006 and 2008 tha majority in the Electoral College: stantial majorities in both the U.S. House for example, Bush versus Gore gained control of several state legislatures a 2010, however, the pendulum had swung! campaign finance Washington, anti-incumbent mood, resulti reform of the House of Representatives. The iss too much government?” will continue to efforts by reform groups and some candidates to limit the choices. influence of money in political In spite of our expressed reverence for campaigns. In 2002, the McCain- , tions, there is increasing concern with ele Feingold Act (sponsored by the antiquated, especially our system of state presidential candidate and former presidential primaries as key elements in Senator John McCain [R-AZ] and cess, and continuing to use the Electoral Senator Russ Feingold [D-WI]) was signed into law, limiting the president and vice president of the U. "soft money" spent by political ence are unevenly distributed throughout parties on behalf of candidates litical parties advocate campaign finance through issue advertising and their own loyal contributors). In fact, mos get-out-the-vote drives. dates and political parties for the express Citizens United vs. in office after electoral decisions are made Federal Election process (partly dependent on access) is Commission others. Influencing the outcome of elect preme Court's 2010 decision in the case a controversial Supreme Court decision that declared that tion Commission (130 S. Ct. 876). Besid, corporate funding of independent freely from large lobbying groups, a key f political broadcasts in candidate groups have long been acknowledged as elections cannot be limited political influence. Reform of electoral under the U.S. Constitution. difficult because of the dominance of or Large institutions, such as corporations Tlla and Social Change 513 an acceleration of transcontinental flows of capital, and services across national boundaries via the Internet acity to avoid falling further Brazil, China, India, South ionalism still run deep and licting currents of so-called gth. Globalization has been globalization vs of capital, ideas, American oundaries via the Internet in eading proponents of global ideas, culture , and goods national economies into the eign investment by (various pital flows, and international in a networked global society states, nationalism (identity leading to an integration of bservance of duties of citi- international economy through decline. ational sovereignty and in- integrated technology and Cs). Postnational cynicism thems and flags, and grow- rk this decline. At the same national economies into the trade, direct foreign investment (by multinational corporations), short-term capital flows, and international flows of technology. multinational ments develop policies that corporations (MNCs) purced” factory workers in large American, European, and who are being displaced by Asian corporations that exert ned with increasing global- significant influence on economic an an awakening of feeling policies of many countries while and political arrangements working outside the legal or international bonds of co- regulatory systems of any nion (EU) and the North particular nation. European Union (EU) countertrend toward em- is at the expense of estab- trading bloc of twenty-seven European countries, twelve of iations, the reemergence of which have converted to a Catist movement, language common currency, the euro, to erbia, Lebanon, Spain, and eliminate trade barriers among A third possibility, perhaps those nation-states. . action against globalizing 7, we have seen the emer- social media g citizens in countries that various communication freedoms. One explana- tools and technologies that ents is the spread of Inter- connect individuals by one or more specific types of and censor information or interdependencies, relationships, or beliefs. Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and YouTube are among y of 2011 is instructive re- the leading examples. is inspired by the relatively C significant force in world 7 monitored. 8 ne of Conflict and Social Change 507 Immigrants escaping repressive period of time (usually one year), rnmental environment, however, balance of trade social diversity. Recent turbu- the difference between the value esulted from a host of changes, of a nation's exports and the rapid social change, not only in value of its imports over a example, increasing numbers of adjusted for currency valuations. portunities), but also in rapidly of technological innovations. knowledge explosion y hampered by a weaker U.S. the social phenomenon, creating 1 raw materials, chiefly petro- Internet-enhanced information om other countries, as well as communication technologies and esources. As the world's largest a foreign providers than it sells examples are biogenetic trade with other nations, and unmanned space exploration, mass ducts and services being less communications, open-sourcing, of trade has become somewhat nuclear technology, and energy the weakness of the U.S. dollar research. ome of our export products less onomy, however, has become social networking economy. And politically, as a r greater consensus regarding and among individuals (or vast new areas of research; engineering, cloud computing, Internet linkages between organizations) connected by lity is the knowledge explo- one or more specific types of ng use (and possible misuse) interdependency, such as common ICTs), and the expansion of interest , friendship, kinship, financial orking, which carries with it exchange, likes and dislikes, sexual man interactions—both pos- relationships, or relationships of e, and technological change beliefs , knowledge , or prestige . society and in human capa- Facebook MySpace, Twitter, atific explanations about the and YouTube are among the t may profoundly affect tra- leading examples. ss communications linkages technological change international borders. Such rapidly emerging patterns of cess to previously restricted ible to foment revolutionary change (related in part to the knowledge explosion) in anagement in many different communication, medical, and transportation technologies, e have had faith for decades among others , with significant world both safer and more implications both for the societal challenges confronting found just the opposite: the government and for the means and resources increasingly nded knowledge contributes available to government for wer age-old questions with Many people are disturbed (in effect) to “the good old conducting public affairs . revolution of rising expectations social phenomenon of the period since World War II, affecting many nations, in which people who have been relatively poor have sought to increase their level of prosperity both as individuals and as groups; related in part to faith in technological and social advances. quasi-public organizations to work with government in pu Medicaid, and community de private partnerships has grown entrepreneurial, market-based We also are experiencing tations, which still dominate: tions of our own population. appeal for a lowering of our ex litical freedom, personal con: higher productivity, more le and increased standards of 1 some governmental response immigrant, poor, and middi given up their aspirations to the dependence on governme an economic realism about of real income over the past finite resources, populations "quality of life” as opposed t controversies over climate c ogy," job retraining, and the Security, Medicare, and Med Another paradox exists tion (closely linked to econor emergence of what has been postindustrialism social and economic phenomenon emerging in many previously industrialized nations; characterized by a relative decline in the importance of production, labor, and durable goods, and an increase in the importance of knowledge, new technologies, the provision of services, and leisure time. alism refers to a socioeconc importance of production, 1: upsurge in importance of kn ing of services (as opposed to Implications for government in revenue patterns, educat gies and capabilities, politica society have become an int life, and therefore of the ca government.