Recall that AIP uses a secure shut-off protocol to guard against DOS attacks, wherein the victim can send a shut-off message to the attacker to have him stop sending packets. The format of the shut-off message that a victim can send to the source is: Victim's public key, Hash of the packet received from the source, and TTL, which are all signed with Victim's private key.

Assume that basic AIP has been deployed worldwide. In this scenario, are the following DOS attacks possible? Please also justify your answer.

1. Consider an attacker M who is on the path of the connection between A and B, and wants to disrupt their communication.
   1. [5 points] M sends a shut-off message to B, by impersonating A.
   2. [5 points] M eavesdrops a packet from B to A, and then sends the same packet to A large enough number of times until A sends a shut-off message to B.
2. Next, let us consider an attacker M who wants to launch a DOS attack against a server S.
   1. [5 points] M creates a number of fake EIDs and launches a DOS on S using each of them.

2. [5 points] M collides with another attacker M' such that they share a link between them which S uses to connect to the Internet. Both of them then congest that link, thus disconnecting S from the Internet.

refer to the solution below

Step-by-step explanation

What is a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack?
Multiple infected computer systems attack a target and cause a denial of service for users of the targeted resource in a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) assault. A server, website, or other network resource could be the target. The rush of incoming messages, connection requests, and malformed packets causes the target system to slow down, crash, and shut down, denying service to genuine users and systems.

DDoS attacks are carried out by a variety of threat actors, ranging from individual criminal hackers to organized crime rings and government organizations. Even valid, uncoordinated queries to target systems can appear to be a DDoS attack when they are really coincidental failures in system performance in particular scenarios — generally ones attributable to faulty code, missing fixes, or unstable systems.

What are the effects of DDoS attacks?

In a typical DDoS attack, the assailant takes advantage of a vulnerability in one computer system and turns it into the DDoS master. The assault master system detects additional vulnerable systems and takes control of them by infecting them with malware or bypassing authentication measures by guessing a frequently used system or device's default password.

A zombie, or bot, is a computer or network device that is controlled by an invader. To command the network of bots, often known as a botnet, the attacker creates a command-and-control server. The botmaster is the person who is in charge of a botnet. Because it is intended to control the propagation and activity of other systems in the botnet, the phrase has also been used to refer to the first system recruited into a botnet.

Botnets can be composed of almost any number of bots; botnets with tens or hundreds of thousands of nodes have become increasingly common. There may not be an upper limit to their size. Once the botnet is assembled, the attacker can use the traffic generated by the compromised devices to flood the target domain and knock it offline target of a DDoS attack is not always the sole victim because DDoS attacks involve and affect many devices. The devices used to route malicious traffic to the target may also suffer a degradation of service, even if they aren't the main target.e.t..k?e..main target