Recall that AIP uses a secure shut-off protocol to guard against DOS attacks, wherein the victim can send a shut-off message to the attacker to have him stop sending packets

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Recall that AIP uses a secure shut-off protocol to guard against DOS attacks, wherein the victim can send a shut-off message to the attacker to have him stop sending packets. The format of the shut-off message that a victim can send to the source is: Victim's public key, Hash of the packet received from the source, and TTL, which are all signed with Victim's private key.

Assume that basic AIP has been deployed worldwide. In this scenario, are the following DOS attacks possible? Please also justify your answer.

1. Consider an attacker M who is on the path of the connection between A and B, and wants to disrupt their communication.
   1. [5 points] M sends a shut-off message to B, by impersonating A.
   2. [5 points] M eavesdrops a packet from B to A, and then sends the same packet to A large enough number of times until A sends a shut-off message to B.
2. Next, let us consider an attacker M who wants to launch a DOS attack against a server S.
   1. [5 points] M creates a number of fake EIDs and launches a DOS on S using each of them.

2. [5 points] M collides with another attacker M' such that they share a link between them which S uses to connect to the Internet. Both of them then congest that link, thus disconnecting S from the Internet.